TABLE OF CONTENTS
Forward 2
Nepenthes Timeline 4
Nepenthes Hybrids List 7
Alphabetical List of Species, Hybrids and Cultivars 19
Nepenthes Species 27
Taxonomy 28
Artificial Key 33
Species Description 36
Geographical Location 65
Elevation - Highland vs. Lowland 67
Data for Description of Hybrids 68
Afterword 69
Glossary 70
Bibliography 72
Forward
For over a century, the genus Nepenthes has been in cultivation. Collectors have been fascinated with the carnivorous nature of the plant through its strange and wonderful pitchers. The demand has always been such that nurserymen have gone to great lengths to provide specimens for the public.
Although Nepenthes will root from cuttings, the abundance of seed that is produced has made this an attractive means to propagate new plants, (whether or not the seed is viable, germinates, or even if the seedlings produced reach maturity is another story!) The problem with seed production is that Nepenthes are dioecious, that is, plants are either male or female; and since it takes two to tango as it were, the problem always arises as to where to get pollen for a female plant when it comes into bloom. The resulting situation is and always has been to use the pollen from whatever other plant is available, regardless of species. As a result, for more than 120 years, growers have been randomly creating hybrid Nepenthes plants.
Historically, these hybrids have always been named according to the discretion of the hybridizer, whether or not the same cross had been created previously. Often different offspring within the same cross have been given different hybrid names as well. This is not in accordance with standard rules of nomenclature. Basically, the first cross to be made and registered becomes the hybrid name, and any additional plants created would be given "Cultivar" names, if warranted. What I have tried to do, is to establish a Hybrid Name, usually according to precedence, (sometimes with respect to practicality!) and assign Cultivar Names to the following remakes.
Understand, that it makes NO DIFFERENCE to the Hybrid name, as to whether a parent produced the pollen or the pod, although there is sometimes great variety in the offspring. This rule is followed as well in certain dioecious orchids. Likewise, there is NO DIFFERENCE in the Hybrid Name, if different varieties of either parent are used to make the cross. (i.e. the use of N. ampullaria 'Cantley's Red', vs. another variety that is predominantly green.)
The problem with establishing a hybrid catalogue such as this is, compounded by the difficulty in establishing true identification. In the wild, Nepenthes species often seem to be rather inconsistent, hence the common elevation of varieties to species status (N. maxima and its relatives). There occur many natural hybrids, as well as populations (especially within the N. sanguinea/N. macfarlanei group) where there is a great deal of crossover in the form of intergrades. In short, there is a problem determining the actual true species which comprise the list of parents.
Add to this the endless cases of dubious identity of plants in the hybridizer's collection, and the task of naming the progeny only gets worse. At the turn of the century, N. gracilis, N. hirsuta and N. distillatoria, among others were repeatedly confused. As well, hybridizers were notorious for obscuring the true parentage of a successful cross, plus, due to the presence of insect pollinators, sometimes they just didn't know for sure which dog had jumped the fence!
This is a work in progress. Hopefully, through the use of international publications, hybrids can be registered and this list will continue to be expounded upon, similar to the Sander's Guide to Cultivated Orchid Hybrids. I invite any and every suggestion to help to create this list.
I would especially like to thank the following contributors for their assistance in putting this list together:
The Atlanta Botanical Gardens
Bruce Bednar
Ron Determann
Cliff Dodd II
Ron Gagliardo
Thomas Johnson
Andrew Marshall
Kevin Snively
Henning von Schmeling
I must also thank Jan Schlauer for providing all of us with his World Carnivorous Plant List, without which this Guide to Hybrids would not have been possible.
A few notes on reading the list:
If a plant name does not appear as a hybrid, check the alphabetical list that follows, the plant may be considered a cultivar of a previously named hybrid.
Any unnamed crosses, whether natural hybrids or man-made, are listed beneath each of the parents. If the originator (or author) will provide me with a name for that cross, I will enter it into the list.
When a plant not currently accepted as a distinct species has been used to make a cross, it is referred to in parentheses following the accepted species name, this follows for cultivars/hybrids as well.
Many cases exist where the original described parents have been changed by me to reflect the more probable parentage ( N. hirsuta vs. N. gracilis), for these changes I would especially like to thank Bruce Bednar, who so graciously pointed out that some of the parents didn't exist in cultivation at the time that the cross was made. I have tried to acknowledge these with a notation.
Whenever possible, I have tried to cite the author or creator's name, as well as the date that the cross or species was first described.
Plants known to exist in cultivation are listed in bold.
Crosses predating the "accepted" Hybrid Name are acknowledged by an underline beneath the date of the cross.
Arthur Lauffenburger
March 31st, 1995
Nepenthes Timeline
Of course, there is no set record of exactly what plants were brought into cultivation or to whom they were sold or distributed; but by the records of hybrids in catalogues and the mentioning of species in the work by botanists, this chronology helps to clarify the history of the genus Nepenthes in cultivation. It is not meant to be an accurate accounting, and should be read with that thought in mind.
1600
1658 The first Nepenthes is recordedin Madagascar by E. de Flacourt under the name Amramitico, to be later named N. madagascariensis
1682 N. distillatoria is first described in Ceylon by H.N. Grimm under the name Planta mirabilis distillatoria
1689 The generic name Nepenthes is introduced by J.P. Breyne with respect to a plant from Ceylon: Nepenthes zeylanicum flore minore, synonymous for the previously described Planta mirabilis distillatoria
1700
1753 The species: N. distillatoria L. is named, using the original species epithet.
1790 The species: N. mirabilis (Lour) Druce is first described as Phyllamphora mirabilis Lour.
1797 The species: N. madagascariensis Poir. is namedby Poiret.
1800
1824 The species: N. gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees & N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees are described.
1835 The species: N. ampullaria Jack & N. rafflesiana Jack are described.
1837 The species: N. alata Blanco & N. ventricosa Blanco are described.
1839 The species: N. bongso Korth., N. boschiana Korth. & N. gracilis Korth. are described. (N. gracilis Korth may actually have been N. hirsuta Hook.f.)
1848 Natural hybrid: N. Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.(rafflesiana x ampullaria) is described.
1849 The species: N. albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. & N. sanguinea Lindl. are described.
1852 The species: N. pervillei Bl., N. reinwardtiana Miq. & N. villosa Hook.f. are described.
1855 Natural hybrid: N. Trichocarpa Miq.( ampullaria x gracilis) is described.
1859 The species: N. edwardsiana Low ex Hook.f., N. lowii Hook.f., N. rajah Hook.f. & N. veitchii Hook.f. are described.
1862 The hybrid: N. Dominii (rafflesiana x hirsuta) is created by Dominy.
By the 1870's, the following species and hybrid are in cultivation:
N. distillatoria, N. gracilis (N. hirsuta), N. hirsuta, N. Hookeriana, mirabilis, N. rafflesiana, N. ventricosa, N. veitchii
Hybridisers: Court, Dominy, Seden, Taplin, Tivey, and others are creating as many Hybrids as they can, hoping to capitalize on the interest shown towards Nepenthes in stovehouses. Moreover, they are often naming every surviving member of each cross; this presents a problem, because only the first described instance of a hybrid should be used to name a grex. Many of these initial hybrids are recreated by others as well, and some of the originals die out, leaving newly created cultivars as the representatives of the original crosses.
1872 The hybrids: N. Chelsonii (Dominii x Hookeriana) & Hybrida (also known as Sedenii (distillatoria x ventricosa)) are created by Seden.
1873 The species: N. bicalcarata Hook.f., N. hirsuta Hook.f., N. khasiana Hook.f., N. tentaculata Hook.f. & N. vieillardii Hook.f. are described.
1877 The hybrids: N. Courtii (hirsuta x Dominii ),N. Lyrata(Hybrida x rafflesiana), N. Rafflesiana Pallida (Dominiix rafflesiana) & N. Rubro-maculata (Hybrida x veitchii) are created by Court.
1880 The hybrid: N. Superba (Hybrida x Hookeriana) is created by Taplin.
1881 The species: N. northiana Hook.f. is described.
The hybrid: N. Mastersiana (sanguinea x khasiana) is created by Court
The hybrid: N. Morganiana (now known asN. Wrigleyana (mirabilis ? x Hookeriana)) is created by Taplin.
1882 The species: N. burbidgeae Hook.f. & Burb. is described.
Natural hybrid: N. Harryana (Burb.)Macf.(edwardsiana x villosa) is described.
1884 Natural hybrid: N. Cincta Mast. (northiana x albomarginata) is described.
1885 The hybrid: N. Excelsior (rafflesiana x Hookeriana) is created by Taplin.
1886 The species: N. singalana Becc. is described.
The species: N. viridis Macf. nom. dub. is described and has now been lost to obscurity.
1887 Natural hybrid: N. Curtisii Mast. (albomarginata x maxima) is described.
The hybrid: N. Cylindrica (distillatoria x veitchii ) is created by Tivey
1888 The hybrids: N. Dicksoniana (rafflesiana x veitchii) & N. Edinensis (rafflesiana x Chelsonii) are created by Lindsay.
The hybrid: N. Rufescens (Courtii x hirsuta) Court.
1889 The species: N. burkei Veitch & Mast. is described.
1890 The species: N. stenophylla Mast. is described.
1891 The species: N. treubiana Warb. is described.
1893 The hybrid: N. Mixta (northiana x maxima ) is created by Tivey
1895 The hybrid: N. Hookerae (rafflesiana x mirabilis ) is created by Taplin
1897 The hybrid: N. Formosa (Chelsonii x distillatoria ) is created by Veitch
The hybrid: N. Tiveyi (maxima x veitchii) is created by Tivey
The hybrid: N. Wittei (Curtisii x stenophylla) is created by Witte
1900
1901 The hybrid: N. Siebrechtiana (Hybrida x mirabilis) is created by Siebrecht
1903 The hybrid: N. Gautieri (northiana x Mixta) is created by Gautier
1905 The species: N. macfarlanei Hemsl. is described.
The hybrids: N. Boisiana (Tiveyi x Wrigleyana) & N. Deslogesii (Tiveyi x Mixta) are created by Jarry-Desloges
1908 The species: N. anamensis Macf., N. deaniana Macf., N. gracillima Ridl., N. neglecta Macf. & N. philippinensis Macf. are described.
The hybrid: N. Dyeriana (Mixta x Dicksoniana) is created by Tivey
1909 The species: N. thorelii Lecomte is described.
The hybrid: N. Dr. John McFarlane (sanguinea x maxima) is created by Veitch
1910 The hybrids: N. Nishijimae (Mixta x Hookeriana) & N. Toyotamaensis (Mixta x rafflesiana) are created by Nishijima
1911 The species: N. merrilliana Macf., N. neoguineensis Macf., N. truncata Macf. are described.
1914 The hybrid: N. Fukubae (Mixta x Wrigleyana) is created by Fukuba
1916 The species: N. klosii Ridl. is described. & N. mirabilis (Lour.) Druce is renamed.
1917 The hybrid: N. Junghunii Ridl. is described.
1922 The hybrid: N. Excelsa (veitchii x sanguinea ) is created by Macfarlane?
1928 The species: N. carunculata Danser, N. clipeata Danser, N. ephippiata Danser, N. fusca Danser, N. inermis Danser, N. insignis Danser, N. leptochila Danser, N. mollis Danser, N. paniculata Danser, N. papuana Danser, N. petiolata Danser, N. pilosa Danser, N. spectabilis Danser, N. tobaica Danser, N. tomoriana Danser are described.
Natural hybrid: N. Dubia Danser (bongso x inermis) is described.
1930 The hybrid: N. Katagirii (Mixta Oiso x maxima) is created by Ikeda
The hybrid: N. Mino'o' (ventricosa x Mastersiana) is created by Mino'o-en
1931 The hybrids: N. Hoelscheri (Mixta x Rufescens) & Reuthei (Mixta x Mastersiana) are created by Bonstedt
1935 The species: N. spathulata Danser is described.
1939 The species: N. bongso Korth is described.
The hybrid: Gojimae (Mixta Oiso x Hookeriana) is created by Ikeda
1940 The species: N. densiflora Danser is described.
The hybrid: N. Ikedae (Mixta Oiso x Dyeriana) is created by Ikeda
1948 The hybrid: N. Takayuki Sakai (reinwardtiana x thorelii) is created by Kondo & Sakai
1950 The hybrid: N. Leutenant R.B. Pring (Chelsonii x Dominii) and its many cultivars are created by Pring
1951 The hybrid: N. Tsujimoto (Mastersiana x Wrigleyana) is created by Takarazuka
1955 The hybrid: N. Boissiensis (distillatoria x Superba) is created by Lecoufle-Bert
The Present:
1964 The hybrid: N. Fukakusana (rafflesiana x Dyeriana) is created by Toyoshima
The hybrid: N. Minamiensis (Mixta Oiso x Wrigleyana) is created by Naito
1966 The species: N. muluensis Hotta is described.
The hybrid: N. Princeps (Mixta x Dyeriana) is created by Kondo
1967 The hybrid: N. Nagoya (Mixta x thorelii) is created by Kondo
1969 The species: N. bellii Kondo is described.
1973 The species: N. campanulata Kurata & N. rhombicaulis Kurata are described.
1974 The Hybrid: N. Accentual Koto (thorelii x Hookeriana) is created by Kawase. (All Kawase Hybrids for 1974 begin with "A", 1975 = "B", 1976 = "C" and so forth, Simple!, o honto desu ka?)
1976 Natural hybrid: N. Kinabaluensis Kurata (rajah x villosa) is described.
1977 The species: N. masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger is described.
1979 Natural hybrids: N. Merrilliata Bednar (merrilliana x alata), N. Mirabilata Bednar (mirabilis x alata) & N. Ventrata Fleming (ventricosa x alata) are described.
1982 The hybrid: N. LeeAnn Marie (ventricosa x Ventrata) is created by Bednar
1983 Natural hybrid: N. Trusmadiensis Marabini (villosa x lowii) is described.
1984 The species: N. eymae Kurata, N. glabrata Tunb. & Middl. & N. hamata Turnb. & Middl. are described.
1986 The species: N. adnata Tamin & Hotta nom. nud. is proposed.
1987 The species: N. macrovulgaris T. & Mid. is described.
Regulations established under the CITES act regarding the trade in N. rajah and N. khasiana.
1989 The species: N. soma nom. dub. aff. maxima appears in Japanese catalogs.
The species: N. borneensis Adam & Wilcock is described.
Natural hybrids: N. Ferrugineo-marginata Lecoufle (reinwardtiana x albomarginata) & N. Kuchingensis Lecoufle (ampullaria x mirabilis) are described.
1990 The species: N. mapuluensis Adam & Wilcock nom. nud. is proposed.
1991 Natural hybrids: N. Cantleyi Westphal. (bicalcarata x gracilis ) & N. Grabilis Westfahl(gracilis x mirabilis)are described.
1992 Natural hybrids: N. Alisaputraiana Adm. & Wilc.(burbidgeae x rajah) & N. Sarawakiensis Adm&Wil (tentaculata x muluensis) are described.
1993 Natural hybrids: N. Truncalata Bednar (truncata x alata) & N. Tsangoya Bednar (Merrilliata x mirabilis) are described.
Natural hybrids: N. Debbertii Westphal. (clipeata x burkei) &N. Ventrinermis Westphal. (inermis x ventricosa) are described.
1994 The species: N. aristolochioidesis , N. danseri Waigeo & Halmahera, N. diatas , N. macrophylla Marabini & N. murudensis Culham are described.
1995 The species: N. longifolia Nerz & Wistuba, N. obovata Nerz & Wistuba, N. talagensis Nerz & Wistuba & N. tenuis Nerz & Wistuba are described.
Nepenthes Hybrids List
PREFACE:
Cultivars in boldface exist in collections.
Underlined dates are the actual first cross.
'Err.' refers to erroneous name or parentage.
'Cv.' refers to actual cultivar used in cross.
A
Accentual Koto 1974 Kawase
= thorelii x Hookeriana
x mirabilis = Fervent Koto (1979)
x Splendiana = Mathesonii (1989)
x thorelii = Facetious Koto (1979)
adnata Tamin & Hotta 1986 Borneo
Aichi 1986 Kondo & Sakai
= thorelii x Reuthii
Aigae 1989
= Mixta Oiso x thorelii
CULTIVAR: 'Akaba'
'Hamafuefuki'
'Hiramasa'
'Ogo'
alata Blanco 1837 P, S, M, B
SYNONYM: blancoi Bl.
cristata Brogn.
copelandii Merr. ex Macf.
eustachya Boer, Macf, Miq
graciliflora Elm.
kosobe Hort.
melamphora Fern. - Vill.
phyllamphora
CULTIVAR: 'Boschiana Mimic'
'Luzon'
x ampullaria = Daytona (1988)
x merrilliana = Merrilliata Natural Hybrid
x maxima =
x mirabilis = Mirabilata Natural Hybrid
x Mixta = Arakawae (1970)
x thorelii = Yubama
x truncata = Truncalata Natural Hybrid
x ventricosa = Ventrata Natural Hybrid
albomarginata Lobb & Lindl. 1849 M, S, B
SYNONYM: albo-cincta Hort.
laevis C. Morr.
teysmanniana Miq.
tomentella Miq.
tupmanniana Bonst.
x fusca =
x maxima = Curtisii Natural Hybrid
x northiana = Cincta Natural Hybrid
x reinwardtiana = Ferrugineo-marginata
Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Masahiroi (1986)
x tobaica =
x ventricosa =
Alisaputraiana Adam & Wilc. 1992 Borneo
= burbidgeae x rajah Natural Hybrid
Ambrosial Koto 1974 Kawase
= Trichocarpa x Hookeriana
ampullaria Jack 1835 M, S, B, N
SYNONYM: ampullaceae Bl.
wittata Hort. & G. Beck.
CULTIVAR: 'Cantley's Red'
x alata = Daytona (1988)
x gracilis = Trichocarpa Natural Hybrid
x mirabilis = Kuchingensis Natural Hybrid
x rafflesiana = Hookeriana Natural Hybrid
x veitchii = Lesliei (1992)
anamensis Macf. 1908 Indochina
SYNONYM: geoffrayi Lecomte
kampotiana Lecomte
micholitzii Bonstedt
x Dreamy Koto = *
x Dyeriana = Prosperity* (1978)
x khasiana = Sullivanii* (1983)
x maxima = Splendiana* (1984)
x mirabilis =
x Mixta = Redlanderii* (1986)
x Superba = *
x ventricosa = Margaretea* (1983)
* kampotiana used in this cross
Andrewensis 1992 Bednar
= Margaretea x khasiana
Arakawae 1970 Toyoshima
= Mixta x alata
Attractive Koto 1974 Kawase
= thorelii x ventricosa
B
bellii Kondo 1969 Philippines
SYNONYM: globamphora Kur & Toy
x merrilliana =
x Merrilliata = Nambara*
x thorelii = Fushimiensis* (1970)
x ventricosa = Whitneyi*
* globamphora used in cross
Benign Koto 1975 Kawase
= rafflesiana x Fukakusana
bicalcarata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo
SYNONYM: dyak Moore
x Dyeriana = Florida (1987)
x gracilis = Cantleyi Natural Hybrid
x Hookeriana =
x khasiana =
x mirabilis =
x rafflesiana = Natural Hybrid
x Rokko =
Blakei 1988 Bednar
= Margaretea x mirabilis
Boisiana 1905 Jarry-Desloges
= Tiveyi x Wrigleyana
bongso Korth. 1839 Sumatra
x gymnamphora = Natural Hybrid
x inermis = Dubia Natural Hybrid
boschiana Korth. 1839 Borneo
burbidgeae Hook.f. & Burb. 1882 Borneo
SYNONYM: phyllamphora Stapf.
pilosa Danser
x fusca = Natural Hybrid
x rajah = Alisaputraiana
Natural Hybrid
C
campanulata Kur. 1973 Borneo
Cantleyi Westphal. 1991 Borneo
= bicalcarata x gracilis Natural Hybrid
x mirabilis =
carunculata Danser 1928 Sumatra
Cathy Jo 1988 Bednar
= Leesii x Splendiana
Chelsonii * 1872 Seden
= Dominii x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: 'Excelsa' (1882)
x distillatoria = Formosa (1897)
x Dominii = Lt. R.B. Pring (1950)
x rafflesiana = Edinensis (1888)
* EXTINCT: current forms are Edinensis
Cincta Mast. 1884 Borneo
= northiana x albomarginata Natural Hybrid
clipeata Danser 1928 Borneo
x ventricosa = Debbertii 1993
x maxima =
x ventricosa =
Courtii 1877 Court
= hirsuta * x Dominii
CULTIVAR: Hybrida Maculata Elongata
x hirsuta = Rufescens (1888)
* err. gracilis
Cravenii 1989 Bednar
= Wrigleyana x mirabilis
Curtisii 1887 Borneo
= albomarginata x maxima Natural Hybrid
CULTIVAR: Albomax (1993)
x stenophylla = Wittei (1897)
Cylindrica 1887 Tivey
= distillatoria x veitchii
D
Dainty Koto 1977 Kawase
= thorelii x merrilliana (surigaoensis)
Dashy Koto 1977 Kawase
= Mixtax merrilliana
CULTIVAR: Festal Koto (1979)
Davineana 1989 Bednar
= Mixta x Fulgent Koto
Daytona 1988 Dodd
CULTIVAR: Ron Determann* (1988)
= ampullaria x alata
* Usually called N. Ron Determann, only surviving cultivar.
deaniana Macf. 1908 Philippines
x ventricosa = Yoyogi (1989)
Debbertii 1993 Westphal.
= clipeata x ventricosa (burkei)
* maxima, err.
Delectable Koto 1977 Kawase
= thorelii x rafflesiana
CULTIVAR: Amy Michele (1989)
Shamenbana
Delightful Koto 1977 Kawase
= Trichocarpa x Fukakusana
densiflora Danser 1940 Celebes
SYNONYM: singalana Tamin & Hotta
Deslogesii 1905 Jarry-Desloges
= Tiveyi x Mixta
CULTIVAR: Caroli-Schmidtii (1931)
Gamerii (1905)
Krausii (1931)
Paulii (1922)
Petersii (1931)
Ratzii (1931)
Remillensis (1908)
Remilly (1905)
Siebertii (1931)
Vallierae (1905)
Dianiana 1986 Bednar
= Splendiana x Mixta
Dicksoniana 1888 Lindsay
= rafflesiana x veitchii
x Mixta = Dyeriana (1908)
Dignified Koto 1977 Kawase
= Trichocarpa x Dyeriana
Dinkum Koto 1977 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x maxima
distillatoria L. 1753 Ceylon
SYNONYM: chapmanii Balakr.
cristataBrown
destallatoria Danser
hirs.v. glabrescensWG Sm.
indica Poir.
rubra Nichols
smithii G. Beck
speciosa Hort. & G. Beck.
trichocarpa Hort.
zeylanica Raf.
x Chelsonii = Formosa (1897)
x Superba = Boissiensis (1955)
x veitchii = Cylindrica (1887)
x ventricosa = Hybrida (1989)
Divine Koto 1977 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x veitchii
Dr. John McFarlane 1909 Veitch
= sanguinea x maxima
CULTIVAR: Atro-purpurea (1922)
Nobilis (1910)
Dominii 1872 Dominy
= rafflesiana x hirsuta
CULTIVAR: Balfouriana* (1899)
Dominiana (1862)
Intermedia (1875)
'Intermedia' (1887)
Intermd. Hybrida (1879)
Nephelophylla (1991)
x Chelsonii = Lt. R. B. Pring (1950)
x hirsuta = Courtii (1877)
x Hookeriana = Chelsonii (1872)
x Lt. R.B. Pring = @
x rafflesiana = Rafflesiana pallida (1877)
x Rokko = Weignerii (1984)
* err. listed as Mixta x Mastersiana
@ Dominii 'Intermedia' used in this cross
Dreamy Koto 1977 Kawase
= thorelii x veitchii
CULTIVAR: Yatomi (1967?)
x anamensis =
x khasiana =
x Mixta Oiso = Nago
x rafflesiana =
x Rokko =
x thorelii = Igneous Koto (1982)
x veitchii = Dreamy Yamamato
x Wrigleyana =
Dreamy Yamamoto
= Dreamy Koto x veitchii
Dubia Danser 1928 Sumatra
= bongso x inermis Natural Hybrid
SYNONYM: bongso Tamin & Hotta
x ventricosa =
Dwarf Peacock 1986 Bednar
= thorelii x Emmarene
Dyeriana 1908 Tivey
= Mixta x Dicksoniana
CULTIVAR: F.W. Moore (1904)
Goettingensis (1931)
Picturata (1903)
Sir W.T. Dyer (1900)
x anamensis = Prosperity (1978)
x bicalcarata = Florida (1987)
x mirabilis = Mihara
x Mixta = Princeps (1966)
x Mixta Oiso = Ikedae (1940)
x rafflesiana = Fukakusana (1964)
x Rokko = Foremost Koto (1979)
x thorelii =
x Trichocarpa = Dignified Koto (1977)
x Wrigleyana = Eternal Koto (1978)
E
Easeful Koto 1978 Kawase
= mirabilis x Fukakusana
Edinensis 1888 Lindsay
= rafflesiana x Chelsonii
CULTIVAR: 'Chelsonii' err.
Chelsonii Excellens(1906)
Chelsonii Irregulata
x mirabilis = *
* cv. 'Chelsonii' used in cross
Elaborative Koto 1978 Kawase
= thorelii x Dyeriana
x mirabilis = Hareliana (1990)
Elfine Koto 1978 Kawase
= thorelii x Tsujimoto
Emmarene 1981 Pratt
= ventricosa x khasiana
CULTIVAR: 'Savanah Rose'
x thorelii = Dwarf Peacock (1986)
x Ventrata = Inexpecta (1988)
Emotional Koto 1978 Kawase
= thorelii x Wrigleyana
CULTIVAR: Glazy Koto (1980)
Nasu (1979)
Engaging Koto 1978 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x Hookeriana
ephippiata Danser 1928 Borneo
Eternal Koto 1978 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x Dyeriana
Excellens 1984 Bednar
= Rokko x Mixta
CULTIVAR: 'Jessica Laureen'
'Superba'
Excelsa 1922 Macf.
= veitchii x sanguinea
Excelsior 1885 Taplin
= rafflesiana x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Amabilis (1888)
Amesiana (1893)
Decorous Koto (1977)
Kiso
F
Fabulous Koto 1979 Kawase
= khasiana x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Feminine Koto (1979)
Facetious Koto 1979 Kawase
= thorelii x Accentual Koto
Facile Koto 1979 Kawase
= Mastersiana x thorelii
fallax G.Beck 1895 Borneo
SYNONYM: boschiana Macf.
boschiana v. lowii Hook.f.
maxima v. lowii Becc.
pilosa Phillipps & Lamb
sandakanensis Ad. & Wilc.
stenophylla Danser
Ferrugineo-marginata 1989 B, M, S
= reinwardtiana x albomarginata Natural Hybrid
Fervent Koto 1979 Kawase
= mirabilis x Accentual Koto
Festive Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x thorelii
Feverish Koto 1979 Kawase
= Mastersiana x merrilliana
Fickle Koto 1979 Kawase
= Mastersiana x Hookeriana
Fine Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x Hookeriana
Florida 1987 Dodd
CULTIVAR: Nina Dodd* (1987)
= bicalcarata x Dyeriana
* Usually referred to as N. Nina Dodd, only surviving Cultivar.
Forceful Koto 1979 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x fusca
Foremost Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x Dyeriana
CULTIVAR: Tametomo
Formal Koto 1979 Kawase
= rafflesiana x fusca
Formosa 1897 Kew
= Chelsonii x distillatoria
Frosty Koto 1979 Kawase
= Rokko x fusca
Fruity Koto 1979 Kawase
= thorelii x Fukakusana
Fukakusana 1964 Toyoshima
= rafflesiana x Dyeriana
CULTIVAR: Mizuho (1965)
x mirabilis = Easeful Koto (1978)
x rafflesiana = Benign Koto (1975)
x thorelii = Frosty Koto (1979)
x Trichocarpa = Delightful Koto (1977)
Fukubae 1914 Fukuba
= Mixta x Wrigleyana
CULTIVAR: Shinjuku (1930)
Shinj. Grandifolia
Fulgent Koto 1979 Kawase
= fusca x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Thofu (1993)
x Mixta = Davineana
fusca Danser 1928 Borneo
SYNONYM: stenophylla Mast.
x albomarginata =
x burbidgeae = Natural Hybrid
x rafflesiana = Formal Koto (1979)
x Rokko = Frosty Koto (1979)
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Fulgent Koto (1979)
x veitchii = Natural Hybrid
x Wrigleyana = Forceful Koto (1979)
Fushimiensis 1970 Toyoshima
= bellii *x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Niwa
* globamphora used in cross
Fuso 1989
= Mixta Oiso x khasiana
G
Gautieri 1903 Gautier
= northiana x Mixta
CULTIVAR: Fournieri (1903)
Maria-Louisa (1903)
Mercieri (1903)
Simonii (1903)
Giddy Koto 1980 Kawase
= khasiana x Hookeriana
glabrata Turn. & Middl. 1984 Celebes
SYNONYM: rubromaculata Kurata
x maxima =
x veichii = Joanne Holland (1989)
Glaring Koto 1980 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x rafflesiana
Glorious Koto 1980 Kawase
= Wrigleyana x Rokko
Glossy Koto 1980 Kawase
= mirabilis x Rokko
Gojimae 1939 Ikeda
= Mixta Oiso x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Koiwado
Grabilis Westphal. 1991 Borneo
= gracilis x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
SYNONYM: Ghazalliana A. & Wilc.
gracilis Korth 1839 M, S, B, C
SYNONYM: angustifolia Mast.
distillatoria Jack,Steu,Wal
korthalsiana Miq.
laevis Lindl.
longinodes G. Beck
teysmanniana Miq.
x ampullaria = Trichocarpa Natural Hybrid
x bicalcarata = Cantleyi Natural Hybrid
x Hookeriana =
x mirabilis = Grabilis Natural Hybrid
x Mixta =
x rafflesiana = Natural Hybrid
gracillima Ridl. 1908 M, S
SYNONYM: alba Ridl.
bongso Ridl.
ramispina Ridl.
singalana Macf.
x macfarlanei = Natural Hybrid
x sanguinea = Natural Hybrid
gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees 1824 Sumatra, Borneo
SYNONYM: borneensis Adam & Wilcock
melamphora Reinw. ex Bl.
pectinata Danser
rosulata Tamin & Hotta
singalana Tamin & Hotta
spinosa Tamin & Hotta
x bongso = Natural Hybrid
x singalana = Natural Hybrid
H
hamata T. & Mid. 1984 Celebes
SYNONYM: dentata Kurata
x talagensis =
Hamakumiko
= Mixta Oiso x soma Seream
Hareliana 1990 Bednar
= mirabilis x Elaborative Koto
CULTIVAR: 'Alba' (1990)
'Boca Rose' (1990)
'Rouge' (1990)
'Vittata' (1990)
Harrisiana 1989 Bednar
= Splendiana x reinwardtiana
Hideki
= ventricosa (burkei) x Mixta Oiso
hirsuta Hook.f. 1873 Borneo
SYNONYM: hispida G. Beck
leptochila Danser
neglecta Macf.
zeylanica
x Courtii = Rufescens (1888)
x Dominii = Courtii (1877)
x Mixta Oiso = Superi
x rafflesiana = Dominii (1862)
x veitchii =
Hoelscheri 1931 Bonst.
= Mixta x Rufescens
Hookerae 1895 Taplin
= rafflesiana x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
CULTIVAR: Nakanogo (1980)
Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf. 1848 M, B, S
= rafflesiana x ampullaria Natural Hybrid
SYNONYM: elongata G. Beck. & Macf.
hookeri Alphand
Hook. Elongata Wilson
Hybrida Elongata Beck
loddigesii W. Baxt.
raffl. v. excelsior G. Beck.
raffl. v. hookeriana Becc.
x bicalcarata =
x Dominii = Chelsonii (1872)
x gracilis =
x Hybrida = Superba (1879)
x khasiana = Giddy Koto (1980)
x Lt. R.B. Pring =
x Mastersiana = Fickle Koto (1979)
x mirabilis = Wrigleyana (1882)
x Mixta = Nishijimae (1910)
x Mixta Oiso = Gojimae (1939)
x rafflesiana = Excelsior (1885)
x Rokko = Fine Koto (1979)
x thorelii = Accentual Koto (1974)
x Trichocarpa = Ambrosial Koto (1974)
x Wrigleyana = Engaging Koto (1978)
Hybrida* 1868 Seden
= distillatoria x ventricosa
CULTIVAR: Butcherii (1989)
B. 'Alta May' (1989)
Sedenii* (1872)
x Hookeriana = Superba (1879)
x khasiana = Nakaccho
x Maxima = Kihachijo
x mirabilis = Siebrechtiana (1882)
x rafflesiana = Lyrata (1877)
x veitchii = Rubro-maculata (1877)
* err. listed as khasiana x gracilis
Hyogo 1993
= thorelii x soma 'Seream'
I
Igneous Koto 1982 Kawase
= thorelii x Dreamy Koto
CULTIVAR: Sakura
Ikedae 1940 Ikeda
= Mixta Oiso x Dyeriana
inermis Danser 1928 Sumatra
SYNONYM: bongso Tamin & Hotta
x bongso = Dubia Natural Hybrid
x ventricosa = Ventrinermis (1993)
Inexpecta 1988 Bednar
= Ventrata x Emmarene
J
Joanne Holland 1989 Gibson
= glabrata x veitchii
Junghunii Ridl. 1917 Sumatra
= sanguinea x singalana Natural Hybrid
K
Kalamity 1988 Bednar
= Margaretea x Superba 'Hibberdii'
Katagirii 1930 Ikeda
= Mixta Oiso x maxima
CULTIVAR: Kikuchiae (1967)
x mirabilis =
khasiana Hook.f. 1873 India
SYNONYM: distillatoria R. Grah.
melamphora Hook.f.
phyllamphora Reg & Sims
rubra Hort. & Rafarin
x anamensis = Sullivanii (1983)
x bicalcarata =
x Dreamy Koto =
x Hookeriana = Giddy Koto (1980)
x Hybrida = Nakaccho
x Margaretea = Andrewensis (1992)
x Mixta Oiso = Fuso (1989)
x Nagoya =
x Rokko = Noboriryu
x sanguinea = Mastersiana (1881)
x thorelii = Fabulous Koto (1979)
x Ventrata = Khasiata (1983)
x ventricosa = Emmarene (1981)
x Wrigleyana =
Khasiata 1983 Bednar
= khasiana x Ventrata
Kihachijo
= Hybrida x Maxima
Kinabaluensis Kur. 1976 Borneo
= rajah x villosa Natural Hybrid
klossii Ridl. 1916 New Guinea
Kuchingensis 1989 Bo, NG, Ma, Sum
= ampullaria x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
L
LeeAnn Marie 1982 Bednar
= ventricosa x Ventrata
Leesii 1983 Bednar
= mirabilis x Mixta
CULTIVAR: Ile de France* (1981)
x rafflesiana =
x Splendiana = Cathy Jo (1988)
x stenophylla =
* mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
Lesliei 1992 Dodd
= ampullaria x veitchii
Lt. R.B. Pring (F) 1950 Pring
= Chelsonii x Dominii
CULTIVAR: Director G.T. Moore (1950)
Dr. C. Fairburn (1950)
Dr. Edgar Anderson (1950)
Gerald Ulrichi (1950)
Henry Shaw (1950)
Joseph Cutak (1950)
Katherine Moore (1950)
Nel Horner (1950)
Saint Louis (1950)
x Dominii =
x Hookeriana =
x rafflesiana = Tokuyoshi Kondo (1986)
lowii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo
x burkei =
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x villosa = Trusmadiensis Natural Hybrid
Lyrata 1877 Court
= Hybrida x rafflesiana
CULTIVAR: Dormanniana (1882)
M
macfarlanei Hemsl. 1905 Malaysia
x gracillima = Natural Hybrid
x sanguinea = Natural Hybrid
macrovulgaris Turn. & Middl. 1987 Borneo
madagascariensis Poir. 1797 Madagascar
SYNONYM: distillatoria Brion
Madisonii 1986 Bednar
= Mixta x ventricosa
mapuluensis Ada & Wilc 1990 Borneo
x ventricosa =
Margaretea 1983 Bednar
= anamensis* x ventricosa
x khasiana = Andrewensis (1992)
x rafflesiana = Wilsonii (1987)
x Sullivanii = Mary Cruz (1987)
x Superba = Kalamity (1988)
x Truncalata = Yarosis (1989)
* kampotiana used in this cross
Mary Cruz 1987 Bednar
= Margaretea x Sullivanii
Masahiroi 1986 Kondo
= albomarginata x thorelii
masoalensis Schmid- Hollinger 1977 Madagascar
Mastersiana 1897 Court
= sanguinea x khasiana
CULTIVAR: 'Purpurea'
x Hookeriana = Fickle Koto (1979)
x merrilliana = Feverish Koto (1979)
x Mixta = Reuthei (1931)
x thorelii = Facile Koto (1979)
x Tiveyi = Ville de Rouen (1983)
x ventricosa = Mino'o' (1930)
x Wrigleyana = Tsujimoto (1951)
Mathesonii 1989 Bednar
= Splendiana x Accentual Koto
maxima Reinw./Nees 1824 C, B, N
SYNONYM: boschiana Becc.
celebica Hook.f.
Curtisii Mast. err.
Curtisii Hybrida err.
Curtisii Superba err.
eymae Kurata
infundibuliformis T. & Mid.
maxima Becc.
oblanceolata Ridl.
x alata =
x albomarginata = Curtisii Natural Hybrid
x anamensis = Splendiana (1984)
x clipeata = *
x glabrata =
x Hybrida = Kihachijo
x Mixta = Mixta Oiso (1914)
x Mixta Oiso = Katagirii (1930)
x northiana = Mixta (1892)
x sanguinea = Dr. John McFarlane (1909)
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Rokko (1970)
x tobaica =
x veitchii = Tiveyi (1897)
x ventricosa =
x Wrigleyana = Dinkum Koto (1977)
* eymae used in this cross
merrilliana Macf. 1911 Philippines
SYNONYM: merrillii Elm.
surigaoensis Elm.
x alata = Merrilliata Natural Hybrid
x bellii =
x Mastersiana = Feverish Koto (1979)
x Mixta = Dashy Koto (1977)
x petiolata =
x thorelii = Dainty Koto* (1977)
* surigaoensis used in cross
Merrilliata 1979 Philippines
= merrilliana x alata Natural Hybrid
x bellii = Nambara
x mirabilis = Tsangoya Natural Hybrid
Michael Lee 1986 Bednar
= Ventrata x Superba 'Hibberdii'
Mihara
= mirabilis x Dyeriana
Minamiensis 1964 Naito
= Mixta Oiso x Wrigleyana
CULTIVAR: 'Triumph'
Mino'o' 1930 Mino'o-en
= ventricosa x Mastersiana
Mirabilata
= mirabilis x alata Natural Hybrid
mirabilis (Lour.) Druce 1916 SE Asia
SYNONYM: albo-liniata F.M. Bail.
alicae F.M. Bail.
armbrustae F.M. Bail.
beccariana Macf.
bernaysii F.M. Bail.
cholmondeleyi F.M. Bail.
distillatoria Auct. ex Steud.
echinostoma Hook.f.
fimbriata Bl.
garrawayae F.M. Bail.
jardinei F.M. Bail.
kennedyana F Muel
kennedyi Benth.
macrostachya Bl.
molluccensis Oken.
moorei F.M. Bail.
o'brieniana Rod.
pascoensis F.M. Bail.
phyllamphora Willd
rowanae F.M. Bail.
smilesii Hemsl.
tubulosa Macf.
vieillardii Studnicka
CULTIVAR: Effulgent Koto* (1978)
'Greenhorn' (1989)
Hachijo* (1979)
Lecouflei (1978)
'Winged'
x Accentual Koto = Fervent Koto (1979)
x alata = Mirabilata Natural Hybrid
x ampullaria = Kuchingensis Natural Hybrid
x anamensis =
x bicalcarata =
x Cantleyi =
x Dyeriana = Mihara@
x Edinensis =
x Elaborative Koto = Hareliana@ (1990)
x Fukakusana = Easeful Koto (1978)
x gracilis = Grabilis Natural Hybrid
x Hookeriana = Wrigleyana (1882)
x Hybrida = Siebrechtiana (1882)
x Katagirii =
x Margaretea = Blakei (1988)
x Merriliata = Tsangoya Natural Hybrid
x Mixta = Leesii (1983)
x Mixta Oiso = Okuyama
x rafflesiana = Hookerae Natural Hybrid
x Rokko = Glossy Koto (1980)
x stenophylla =
x thorelii = @
x tobaica =
x veitchii =
x ventricosa =
x Wrigleyana = Cravenii (1989)
* mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
@ mirabilis 'Hachijo' used in cross
Mixta 1893 Tivey
= northiana x maxima
CULTIVAR: Alliottii (1922)
Grandis (1922)
Longicaudata (1922)
Northisii (1892)
Remillyensis (1909)
'Sanderiana' (1894)
Sanglant (1909)
'Sanguinea' (1894)
'Superba' (1894)
x alata = Arakawae (1970)
x anamensis = Redlanderii (1986)
x Dicksoniana = Dyeriana (1900)
x Dyeriana = Princeps (1966)
x Fulgent Koto = Davineana
x gracilis =
x Hookeriana = Nishijimae (1910)
x Mastersiana = Reuthei (1931)
x maxima = Mixta Oiso (1914)
x merrilliana = Dashy Koto (1977)
x mirabilis = Leesii (1983)
x northiana = Gautieri (1903)
x rafflesiana = Toyotamaensis (1910)
x Rokko = Excellens (1984)
x Rufescens = Hoelscheri (1931)
x Splendiana = Dianiana (1986)
x thorelii = Nagoya (1967)
x Tiveyi = Deslogesii (1905)
x ventricosa = Madisonii (1986)
x Wrigleyana = Shinjuku (1930)
Mixta Oiso
= Mixta x maxima
CULTIVAR: Behnickii (1931)
Goebelii (1918)
Koisoensis (1939)
Ladenburgii (1918)
Neufvilleana (1918)
Oisoensis (1935)
Roedigeri (1918)
Sakuradae (1935)
Staemmlieri (1931)
Ted Payne (1992)
x Dreamy Koto = Nago
x Dyeriana = Ikedae (1940)
x hirsuta = Superi
x Hookeriana = Gojimae (1939)
x khasiana = Fuso (1989)
x maxima = Katagirii (1930)
x mirabilis = Okuyama
x soma Seream = Hamakumiko
x thorelli = Aigae (1989)
x veitchii =
x ventricosa = Hideki
x Wrigleyana = Minamiensis (1964)
mollis Danser 1928 Borneo
muluensis Hotta 1966 Borneo
x tentaculata = Sarawakiensis Natural Hybrid
murudensis Culham 1994 Borneo
N
Nago
= Mixta Oiso x Dreamy Koto
Nagoya 1967 Kondo
= Mixta x thorelii
CULTIVAR: Immobile Koto (1982)
Suzue Kondo (1986)
S. 'Variegata' (1979)
x khasiana =
x Rokko =
Nakaccho
= Hybrida x khasiana
Nambara
= bellii * x Merrilliata
* globamphora used in cross
neoguineensis Macf. 1911 New Guinea
SYNONYM: leptoptera Zippel
Nishijimae 1910 Nishijima
= Mixta x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Shunkyuensis (1925)
Noboriryu
= Rokko x khasiana
northiana Hook.f. 1881 B, M
SYNONYM: decurrens Macf.
nordtiana Boerl.
spuria G. Beck.
x albomarginata = Cincta Natural Hybrid
x maxima = Mixta (1892)
x Mixta = Gautieri (1903)
x veitchii =
O
Okuyama
= Mixta Oiso x mirabilis
P
paniculata Danser 1928 New Guinea
papuana Danser 1928 New Guinea
SYNONYM: neoguineensis Ridl.
pervillei Bl. 1852 Seychelles
SYNONYM: wardii Wright
petiolata Danser 1928 Philippines
x merrilliana =
x truncata =
x veitchii =
philippinensis Macf. 1908 Philippines
SYNONYM: brachycarpa Merrill
Pitcheri 1901 Pitcher & Manda
= Wrigleyana x Superba
Princeps 1966 Kondo
= Mixta x Dyeriana
CULTIVAR: Shioji (1966)
Prosperity 1978 Kubo
= anamensis* x Dyeriana
* err. mirabilis
R
rafflesiana Jack 1835 M, S, B
SYNONYM: hemsleyana Macf.
hookeri Alph. & Hook.f.
hookeriana Low,Baxt,Bec
nigropurpurea Mast.
sanderiana Burb.
CULTIVAR: 'Elegance'
'Vittata'
x ampullaria = Hookeriana Natural Hybrid
x bicalcarata = Natural Hybrid
x Chelsonii = Edinensis (1888)
x Dominii = Rafflesiana Pallida (1877)
x Dreamy Koto =
x Dyeriana = Fukakusana (1964)
x Fukakusana = Benign Koto (1975)
x fusca = Formal Koto (1979)
x gracilis = Natural Hybrid
x hirsuta = Dominii (1862)
x Hookeriana = Excelsior (1885)
x Hybrida = Lyrata (1877)
x Leesii =
x Lt. R.B. Pring = Tokuyoshi Kondo (1986)
x Margaretea = Wilsonii (1987)
x mirabilis = Hookerae Natural Hybrid
x Mixta = Toyotamaensis (1910)
x spathulata =
x stenophylla =
x thorelii = Delectable Koto (1977)
x tobaica =
x veitchii = Dicksoniana (1888)
x ventricosa =
x Wrigleyana = Glaring Koto (1980)
Rafflesiana pallida 1877 Court
= Dominiix rafflesiana
rajah Hook.f. 1859 Borneo
x burbidgeae = Alisaputraiana Natural Hybrid
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x tentaculata = Natural Hybrid
x villosa = Kinabaluensis Natural Hybrid
Redlanderii 1986 Bednar
= anamensis*x Mixta
x Splendiana =
* kampotiana used in this cross
reinwardtiana Miq. 1852 M, S, B
SYNONYM: korthalsiana Macf.
reinwardtii Hook.F.
x albomarginata = Ferrugineomarginata
Natural Hybrid
x Splendiana = Harrisiana (1989)
x tentaculata = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Takayuki Sakai (1948)
x tobaica =
Reuthei 1931 Bonstedt
= Mixta x Mastersiana
x thorelii = Aichi (1986)
rhombicaulis Kur. 1973 Sumatra
Rokko 1977 Yamakawa
= thorelii x maxima
CULTIVAR: Balmy Koto (1975)
Ecstatic Koto (1978)
Masamiae (1970)
x bicalcarata =
x Dominii = Weignerii (1984)
x Dreamy Koto =
x Dyeriana = Foremost Koto (1979)
x fusca = Frosty Koto (1979)
x Hookeriana = Fine Koto (1979)
x khasiana = Noboriryu
x mirabilis = Glossy Koto (1980)
x Mixta = Excellens (1984)
x Nagoya =
x thorelii = Festive Koto (1979)
x tobaica =
x veitchii =
x Wrigleyana = Glorious Koto (1980)
Rubro-maculata 1877 Court
= Hybrida x veitchii
Rufescens 1888 Court
= Courtii x hirsuta
x Mixta = Hoelscheri (1931)
S
sanguinea Lindl. 1849 Malaysia
SYNONYM: pumila Griff.
x gracillima = Natural Hybrid
x khasiana = Mastersiana (1881)
x macfarlanei = Natural Hybrid
x maxima = Dr. John McFarlane (1909)
x singalana = Junghunii Natural Hybrid
x veitchii = Excelsa (1922)
x ventricosa =
Sarawakiensis Adm&Wil 1992 Borneo
= tentaculata x muluensis Natural Hybrid
Sheridaniana 1992 Bednar
= Splendiana x ventricosa
Siebrechtiana 1901 Siebrecht
= Hybrida x mirabilis
singalana Becc. 1886 Sumatra
SYNONYM: pectinata Danser
singalana Macf.
singalana Tamin & Hotta
x gymnamphora = Natural Hybrid
x sanguinea = Junghunii Natural Hybrid
soma Seream nom. dub. aff. maxima Celebes
x Mixta Oiso = Hamakumiko
x thorelii = Hyogo
spathulata Danser 1935 Sumatra
SYNONYM: dempoensis Hopkins et al.
singalana Tamin & Hotta
x rafflesiana =
x spectabilis =
spectabilis Danser 1928 Sumatra
x spathulata =
x ventricosa =
Splendiana 1984 Bednar
= anamensis*x maxima
x AccentualKoto = Mathesonii (1989)
x Leesii = Cathy Jo (1988)
x Mixta = Dianiana (1986)
x Redlanderii =
x reinwardtiana = Harrisiana (1989)
x Sullivanii = Vandiana (1990)
x ventricosa = Sheridaniana (1992)
* kampotiana used in this cross
stenophylla Mast. 1890 Borneo
SYNONYM: bosch. var. lowii Hook.f.
faizaliana Adam &Wilcock
fallax G.Beck
fucosa Beckwith
fusca Danser err.
maxima Becc.
veitchii End.
x Curtisii = Wittei (1897)
x fusca = Natural Hybrid
x Leesii =
x lowii = Natural Hybrid
x maxima = Natural Hybrid
x mirabilis =
x rafflesiana =
x rajah = Natural Hybrid
x tentaculata = Natural Hybrid
x veitchii = Natural Hybrid
Sullivanii 1983 Bednar
= anamensis*x khasiana
x Margaretea = Mary Cruz (1987)
x Splendiana = Vandiana (1990)
* kampotiana used in this cross
Superba 1880 Taplin
= Hybrida x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Henryana (1882)
Henryana Rubra
Hibberdii* (1888)
Outramiana (1879)
Williamsii (1880)
x distillatoria = Boissiensis (1955)
x anamensis = @
x Margaretea = Kalamity# (1988)
x Ventrata = Michael Lee# (1986)
x Wrigleyana = Pitcheri (1901)
* err. probably an alata hybrid
@ cv. Williamsii used in cross
# cv. Hibberdii used in cross
Superi
= Mixta Oiso x hirsuta
T
Takayuki Sakai 1948 Kondo & Sakai
= reinwardtiana x thorelii
talagensis Nerz & Wistuba 1995 Sumatra
x hamata =
tentaculata Hook.f. 1873 B, C
x muluensis = Sarawakiensis Natural Hybrid
x rajah = Natural Hybrid
x reinwardtiana = Natural Hybrid
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
thorelii Lecomte 1909 Cambodia
CULTIVAR: 'Aglow Koto' (1974)
'Felicitous Koto' (1979)
x Accentual Koto = Facetious Koto (1979)
x alata = Yubama
x albomarginata = Masahiroi (1986)
x bellii = Fushimiensis (1970)
x Dominii = Reuthii (1986)
x Dreamy Koto = Igneous Koto (1982)
x Dyeriana =
x Emmarene = Dwarf Peacock (1986)
x fusca = Fulgent Koto (1979)
x Hookeriana = Accentual Koto (1974)
x khasiana = Fabulous Koto (1979)
x Mastersiana = Facile Koto (1979)
x maxima = Rokko (1970)
x merrilliana = Dainty Koto (1977)
x mirabilis =
x Mixta = Nagoya (1967)
x Mixta Oiso = Aigae (1989)
x rafflesiana = Delectable Koto (1977)
x reinwardtiana = Takayuki Sakai (1948)
x Rokko = Festive Koto (1979)
x soma Seream = Hyogo (1993)
x truncata = Toyoshimae (1970)
x Tsujimoto = Elfine Koto (1978)
x veitchii = Dreamy Koto (1977)
x ventricosa = Attractive Koto (1974)
x Wittei =
x Wrigleyana = Emotional Koto (1978)
Tiveyi 1897 Tivey
= maxima x veitchii
CULTIVAR: Allardii (1931)
x Mastersiana = Ville de Rouen (1983)
x Mixta = Deslogesii (1905)
x Wrigleyana = Boissiana (1905)
tobaica Danser 1928 Sumatra
x albomarginata =
x maxima =
x mirabilis =
x rafflesiana =
x reinwardtiana =
x Rokko =
x Ventrata =
Tokuyoshi Kondo 1986 Kondo & Sakai
= Lieutenant R. B. Pring x rafflesiana
tomoriana Danser 1928 Celebes
Toyoshimae 1970 Toyoshima
= truncata x thorelii
Toyotamaensis 1910 Nishijima
= Mixta x rafflesiana
CULTIVAR: 'Inversa'
treubiana Warb. 1891 S, N
SYNONYM: boschiana Miq.
boschiana v. sumatrana Miq.
maxima v. sumatrana Becc.
spinosa Tamin & Hotta
sumatrana (Miq.) G.Beck
Trichocarpa Miq. 1855 S, B, M
= ampullaria x gracilis Natural Hybrid
x Dyeriana = Dignified Koto (1977)
x Fukakusana = Delightful Koto (1977)
x Hookeriana = Ambrosial Koto (1974)
Truncalata Philippines
= truncata x alata Natural Hybrid
x Margaretea = Yarosis (1989)
truncata Macf. 1911 Philippines
SYNONYM: megamphora Merr. & Quis.
x alata = Truncalata Natural Hybrid
x petiolata =
x thorelii = Toyoshimae (1970)
x ventricosa =
Trusmadiensis 1983 Borneo
SYNONYM: Lowilosa (1981)
= villosa (edwardsiana)x lowii Natural Hybrid
Tsangoya 1993 Bednar
= Merrilliata x mirabilis Natural Hybrid
Tsujimoto 1951 Takarazuka
= Mastersiana x Wrigleyana
x thorelii = Elfine Koto (1978)
V
Vandiana 1990 Bednar
= Splendiana x Sullivanii
veitchii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo
SYNONYM: lanata Mast. & Lindl.
sanguinea Mast.
x ampullaria = Lesliei (1992)
x distillatoria = Cylindrica (1887)
x Dreamy Koto = Dreamy Yamamoto
x fusca = Natural Hybrid
x glabrata = Joanne Holland (1989)
x hirsuta =
x Hybrida = Rubro-maculata (1877)
x maxima = Tiveyi (1897)
x mirabilis =
x Mixta Oiso =
x northiana =
x petiolata =
x rafflesiana = Dicksoniana (1888)
x Rokko =
x sanguinea = Excelsa (1922)
x stenophylla = Natural Hybrid
x thorelii = Dreamy Koto (1977)
x Wrigleyana = Divine Koto (1977)
Ventrata 1979 Philippines
= ventricosa x alata Natural Hybrid
CULTIVAR: Issey* (1989)
Kokkome
Zonal Koto* 1983
x Emmarene = Inexpecta (1988)
x khasiana = Khasiata (1983)
x Superba = Michael Lee (1986)
x tobaica =
x ventricosa = LeeAnn Marie (1982)
* N.burkei used in this cross
ventricosa Blanc. 1837 Philippines
SYNONYM: burkei Masters
x alata = Ventrata Natural Hybrid
x albomarginata =
x anamensis = Margaretea (1983)
x belli = Whitneyi
x clipeata = Debbertii* (1993)
x deaniana = Yoyogi (1989)
x distillatoria = Hybrida (1872)
x Dubia =
x inermis = Ventrinermis (1993)
x khasiana = Emmarene (1981)
x lowii = *
x mapuluensis =
x Mastersiana = Mino'o' (1930)
x maxima =
x mirabilis =
x Mixta = Madisonii (1986)
x Mixta Oiso = Hideki*
x rafflesiana =
x sanguinea =
x spectabilis =
x Splendiana = Sheridaniana (1992)
x thorelii = Attractive Koto (1974)
x truncata =
x Ventrata = LeeAnn Marie (1992)
* N. burkei used in this cross
Ventrinermis 1993 Westphal.
= inermis x ventricosa
vieillardii Hook.f 1873 N G, New Caledonia
SYNONYM: bongso Guillaum.
distillatoria Jeanneney
humilis S. Moore
montrouzieri Dub.
neocaledonica Muel & Hec
Ville de Rouen 1981 Lecoufle
= Tiveyi* x Mastersiana
* err. Superba
villosa Hook.f. 1852 Borneo
SYNONYM: edgeworthii Rchb.f.
edwardsiana Low ex Hook.f.
edwarsiana sp. macrophylla
harryana
x lowii = Trusmadiensis Natural Hybrid
x rajah = Kinabaluensis Natural Hybrid
W
Weignerii 1984 Bedn/Weig.
= Rokko x Dominii
Whitneyi Dodd
= bellii x ventricosa
Wilsonii 1987 Bednar
= rafflesiana x Margaretea
Wittei 1897 Witte
= Curtisii* x stenophylla
CULTIVAR: Higra (1993)
x thorelii =
* err. maxima
Wrigleyana 1882 Court
= mirabilis x Hookeriana
CULTIVAR: Anerlayensis (1895)
Arnoldiensis (1895)
Atrosanguinea* (1882)
Coccinea (1882)
Compacta (1885)
Ebony Koto (1978)
Eyermannii (1901)
Hamiltoniana (1901)
Kosobe (1979)
Lawrenciana (1880)
Morganiana (1881)
Morganiae (1883)
'Oriental Rouge'
Paradisae (1888)
Patersonii (1901)
Ratcliffiana (1882)
Robusta (1880)
Splendida (1908)
Stewartii# (1879)
'Viridescens'
x Dreamy Koto =
x Dyeriana = Eternal Koto (1978)
x khasiana = @
x Mixta Oiso = Minamiensis (1964)
x fusca = Forceful Koto (1979)
x Hookeriana = Engaging Koto (1978)
x Mastersiana = Tsujimoto (1951)
x maxima = Dinkum Koto (1977)
x mirabilis = Cravenii (1989)
x Mixta = Shinjuku (1930)
x rafflesiana = Glaring Koto (1980)
x Rokko = Glorious Koto (1980)
x Superba = Pitcheri (1901)
x thorelii = Emotional Koto (1978)
x Tiveyi = Boisiana (1905)
x veitchii = Divine Koto (1977)
* err. distillatoria x Hybrida 'Sedenii'
# EXTINCT
@ Atro-sanguinea used in cross
Y
Yarosis 1989 Bednar
= Truncalata x Margaretea
Yoyogi 1989
= ventricosa x deaniana
Yubama
= alata x thorelii
UNKNOWN:
Alleniana 1901 Miller
Benectii 1989 Juniper, Robins & Joel
Broomeana 1891 Lindsay
Claytonii 1901 Miller
Craigiana 1901 Miller
cutinensis
Doradisiae 1897 Hort.
Edmundsii 1901 Miller
Elmenhorstiana 1901 Miller
Findlayana 1888 Wms. ex Nichols
Heian 1985 Toyoshima
Johnsonii 1901 Miller
lindleyana Low&Bax 1850
Lonewoodii 1901 Miller
Mayi 1901 Miller
Osborniana 1901 Miller
Roeblingii 1901 Miller
Savageana 1901 Miller
Seemannii 1901 Miller
Shelburnei 1889 Siebrecht
Taipei
Taplinii 1901 Miller
Thorpeiana 1908 Macfarlane
Tildeniana 1901 Miller
viridis Macf. 1886
Wadleyana 1901 Miller
Alphabetical List of Species, Hybrids and Cultivars
For a complete list see "Nomenclatural Synopsis of Carnivores" by Jan Schlauer
Plants in bold exist in collections.
A
Accentual Koto 1974 Kawase = thorelii x Hookeriana
adnata Tamin & Hotta 1986 Sumatra SPECIES
Aglow Koto (1974) Kawase = thorelii Lecomte
Aichi 1986 Kondo & Sakai = thorelii x Reuthii
Aigae 1989 = Mixta Oiso x thorelii
'Akaba' (1989) = Aigae
'Hamafuefuki' (1989) = Aigae
'Hiramasa' (1989) = Aigae
'Ogo' (1989) = Aigae
alata Blanco 1837 P, S, M, B SPECIES
'Boschiana Mimic' = alata Blanco
'Luzon' = alata Blanco
albomarginata Lobb ex Lindl. 1849 M, S, B SPECIES
Albomax Hort. Westphal. (1993) Natural Hybrid = Curtisii
Alisaputraiana Adm. & Wilc. 1992 Natural Hybrid = burbidgeae x rajah
Allardii (1931) Allard = Tiveyi
Alleniana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Alliottii (1922) Fournier = Mixta
Amabilis (1888) Williams = Excelsior
Ambrosial Koto 1974 Kawase =Trichocarpa x Hookeriana
Amesiana (1893) Veitch = Excelsior
ampullaria Jack 1835 M, S, B, N SPECIES
'Cantley's Red' Slack = ampullaria Jack
Amy Michele (1989) Bednar = Delectable Koto
anamensis Macf. 1908 Indochina SPECIES
Andrewensis 1992 Bednar = Margaretea x khasiana
Anerlayensis (1895) G. Beck = Wrigleyana
Arakawae 1970 Toyoshima = Mixta x alata
Arnoldiensis (1895) G. Beck = Wrigleyana
Atro-purpurea (1922) Macf. = Dr. John McFarlane
Atro-sanguinea* 1882 Taplin = Wrigleyana
* err.
distillatoria x Hybrida
Attractive Koto 1974 Kawase = thorelii x ventricosa
B
Balfouriana* (1899) Tivey = Dominii
* err. Mixta x
Mastersiana
Balmy Koto 1975 Kawase = Rokko
Behnickii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
bellii Kondo 1969 Philippines SPECIES
Benectii 1989 Juniper = ? x ?
Benign Koto 1975 Kawase = rafflesiana x Fukakusana
bicalcarata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo SPECIES
Blakei 1988 Bednar = Margaretea x mirabilis
Boisiana 1905 Jarry-Desloges = Tiveyi x Wrigleyana
Boissiensis* 1955 Lecoufle-Bert = distillatoria * x
Superba
* err. gracilis
Rubra = Boissiense
bongso Korth 1939 Sumatra SPECIES
boschiana Korth. 1839 Borneo SPECIES
Broomeana 1891 Lindsay = ? x ?
burbidgeae Hook.f.&Burb. 1882 Borneo SPECIES
burkei Hort. Veitch ex Mast. = ventricosa Blanco
Butcherii (1989) Bednar = Hybrida
'Alta May' (1989) Bednar = Hybrida
C
campanulata Kurata 1973 Borneo SPECIES
Cantleyi Westphal. 1991 Natural Hybrid = bicalcarata x gracilis
Caroli-Schmidtii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
carunculata Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES
Cathy Jo 1988 Bednar = Leesii x Splendiana
Chelsonii * 1872 Seden = Dominii x Hookeriana
* EXTINCT: current forms
are Edinensis
'Excelsa' (1882) Seden = Chelsonii
Excellens (1906) Tivey = Edinensis
Irregulata = Edinensis
Cincta Mast. 1884 Natural Hybrid = northiana x albomarginata
Claytonii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
clipeata Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
Coccinea (1882) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Compacta (1885) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Courtii 1877 Court = hirsuta * x Dominii
* err.
gracilis
Craigiana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Cravenii 1989 Bednar = Wrigleyana x mirabilis
Curtisii Mast.* 1887 Natural Hybrid = albomarginata x maxima
* err. maxima
'Hybrida' = Curtisii
'Superba' = Curtisii
cutinensis nom. dub.
Cylindrica 1887 Tivey = distillatoria x veitchii
D
Dainty Koto 1977 Kawase = thorelii x merrilliana (surigaoensis)
Dashy Koto 1977 Kawase = Mixtax merrilliana
Davineana 1989 Bednar = Mixta x Fulgent Koto
Daytona 1988 Dodd = ampullaria x alata
'Ron Determann' = Daytona
deaniana Macf. 1908 Philippines SPECIES
Debbertii* 1993 Westphal. = clipeata x ventricosa (burkei)
* err. clipeata x maxima
Decorous Koto (1977) Kawase = Excelsior
Delectable Koto 1977 Kawase = thorelii x rafflesiana
Delightful Koto 1977 Kawase = Trichocarpa x Fukakusana
densiflora Danser 1940 Celebes SPECIES
Deslogesii 1905 Jarry-Desloges = Tiveyi x Mixta
Dianiana 1986 Bednar = Splendiana x Mixta
Dicksoniana 1888 Lindsay = rafflesiana x veitchii
Dignified Koto 1977 Kawase = Trichocarpa x Dyeriana
Dinkum Koto 1977 Kawase = Wrigleyana x maxima
Director G.T. Moore (1950) Pring = Lieutenant R. B. Pring
distillatoria L. 1753 Ceylon SPECIES
Divine Koto 1977 Kawase = Wrigleyana x veitchii
Dominiana (1862) Dominy = Dominii
Dominii 1872 Dominy = rafflesiana x hirsuta
'Intermedia' (1887) Dominy = Dominii
Doradisiae 1897 Hort. = ? x ?
Dormanniana (1882) Taplin = Lyrata
Dr. C. Fairburn (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Dr. Edgar Anderson (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Dr. John McFarlane 1909 Veitch = sanguinea x maxima
Dreamy Koto (1977) Kawase = thorelii x veitchii
Dreamy Yamamoto = Dreamy Koto x veitchii
Dubia Danser 1928 Natural Hybrid = bongso x inermis
Dwarf Peacock 1986 Bednar = thorelii x Emmarene
Dyeriana 1908 Tivey = Mixta x Dicksoniana
E
Easeful Koto 1978 Kawase = mirabilis x Fukakusana
Ebony Koto (1978) Kawase = Wrigleyana
Ecstatic Koto (1978) Kawase = Rokko
Edinensis 1888 Lindsay = rafflesiana x Chelsonii
Edmundsii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
edwardsiana Low ex Hook.f. = villosa Hook.f.
Effulgent Koto * (1978) Kawase = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
*
mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross err.
mirabilis x thorelii
Elaborative Koto 1978 Kawase = thorelii x Dyeriana
'Elegance' 1986 Slack = rafflesiana Jack
Elfine Koto 1978 Kawase = thorelii x Tsujimoto
Elmenhorstiana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Elongata G. Beck. & Macf. Natural Hybrid = Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.
Emmarene 1981 Pratt = ventricosa x khasiana
'Savanah Rose' Pratt = Emmarene
Emotional Koto 1978 Kawase = thorelii x Wrigleyana
Engaging Koto 1978 Kawase = Wrigleyana x Hookeriana
Eternal Koto 1978 Kawase = Wrigleyana x Dyeriana
ephippiata Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
Excellens 1984 Bednar = Rokko x Mixta
'Jessica Laureen' (1984) Bednar = Excellens
'Superba' (1984) Bednar = Excellens
Excelsa 1922 Macf. = veitchii x sanguinea
Excelsior 1885 Taplin = rafflesiana x Hookeriana
Eyermannii (1901) Siebrecht = Wrigleyana
eymae Kurata = maxima Reinw. ex Nees
F
F.W. Moore (1904) Tivey = Dyeriana
Fabulous Koto 1979 Kawase = khasiana x thorelii
Facetious Koto 1979 Kawase = thorelii x Accentual Koto
Facile Koto 1979 Kawase = Mastersiana x thorelii
fallax G.Beck 1895 Borneo = SPECIES
Felicitous Koto (1979) Kawase = thorelii Lecomte
Feminine Koto (1979) Kawase = Fabulous Koto
Ferrugineo-marginata Lecoufle 1989 Natural Hybrid = reinwardtiana x albomarginata
Fervent Koto 1979 Kawase = mirabilis x Accentual Koto
Festal Koto (1979) Kawase = Dashy Koto
Festive Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x thorelii 'Aglow Koto'
Feverish Koto 1979 Kawase = Mastersiana x merrilliana
Fickle Koto 1979 Kawase = Mastersiana x Hookeriana
Findlayana 1888 Williams ex Nich. = ? x ?
Fine Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x Hookeriana
Florida 1987 Dodd = bicalcarata x Dyeriana
'Nina Dodd' = Florida
Forceful Koto 1979 Kawase = Wrigleyana x fusca
Foremost Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x Dyeriana
Formal Koto 1979 Kawase = rafflesiana x fusca
Formosa 1897 Veitch = Chelsonii x distillatoria
Fournieri (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
Frosty Koto 1979 Kawase = Rokko x fusca
Fruity Koto 1979 Kawase = thorelii x Fukakusana
Fukakusana 1964 Toyoshima = rafflesiana x Dyeriana
Fukubae 1914 Fukuba = Mixta x Wrigleyana
Fulgent Koto 1979 Kawase = fusca x thorelii
fusca * Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
*
err.stenophylla Mast.
Fushimiensis 1970 Toyoshima = bellii x thorelii
Fuso 1989 = Mixta Oiso x khasiana
G
Gamerii (1905) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Gautieri 1903 Gautier = northiana x Mixta
Gerald Ulrichi (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Ghazalliana Adam & Wilcox = Grabilis Westfahl
Giddy Koto 1980 Kawase = khasiana x Hookeriana
glabrata Tunb. & Middl. 1984 Celebes SPECIES
Glaring Koto 1980 Kawase = Wrigleyana x rafflesiana
Glazy Koto (1980) Kawase = Emotional Koto
globamphora Kur. & Toyo. 1972 = bellii Kondo
Glorious Koto 1980 Kawase = Wrigleyana x Rokko
Glossy Koto 1980 Kawase = mirabilis x Rokko
Goebelii (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Goettingensis (1931) C. Bonstedt = Dyeriana
Gojimae 1939 Ikeda = Mixta Oiso x Hookeriana
Grabilis Westfahl 1991 Natural Hybrid = gracilis x mirabilis
gracilis Korth. 1839 M, S, B, C SPECIES
gracillima Ridl. 1908 Malaysia SPECIES
Grandis (1922) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees 1824 Sumatra, Borneo SPECIES
H
Hachijo * (1979) Okuyama = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
*
mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
Hamakumiko = Mixta Oiso x soma Seream
hamata Turnb. & Middl. 1984 Celebes SPECIES
Hamiltoniana (1901) Miller = Wrigleyana
Hareliana 1990 Bednar = mirabilis 'Hachijo' x Elaborative Koto
'Alba' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
'Boca Rose' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
'Rouge' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
'Vittata' (1990) Bednar = Hareliana
Harrisiana 1989 Bednar = Splendiana x reinwardtiana
Heian 1985 Toyoshima = ? x ?
Henry Shaw (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Henryana (1882) Taplin = Superba
Rubra Taplin = Superba
Hibberdii * (1888) Taplin = Superba
* err. probably an
alata hybrid
Hideki = Mixta Oiso x ventricosa (burkei)
Higra (1993) Westphal. = Wittei
hirsuta Hook.f. 1873 Borneo SPECIES
Hoelscheri 1931 Bonst. = Mixta x Rufescens
Holland err. = Joanne Holland
Hookerae 1895 Taplin = rafflesiana x mirabilis
Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf. 1848 Natural Hybrid = rafflesiana x ampullaria
Hybrida* (1868) Dominy = distillatoria x
ventricosa
* err. gracilis x
khasiana
'Elongata' (1868) Dominy = Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.
'Maculata' (1877) Court = Hybrida
'Maculata Elongata' (1877) Court = Courtii
Hyogo 1993 = thorelii x soma
I
Igneous Koto 1982 Kawase = thorelii x Dreamy Koto
Ikedae 1940 Ikeda = Mixta Oiso x Dyeriana
Ile de France* (1983) Lecoufle = Leesii
*
mirabilis 'Lecouflei' used in cross
Immobile Koto (1982) Kawase = Nagoya
inermis Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES
Inexpecta 1988 Bednar = Ventrata x Emmarene
infundibuiformis T. & Mid. = maxima Reinw. ex Nees
insignis Danser 1928 New Guinea SPECIES
Intermedia (1875) Court = Dominii
'Hybrida' (1879) Court = Dominii
Issey (1989) = Ventrata
J
Joanne Holland 1989 T. Gibson = glabrata x veitchii
Johnsonii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Joseph Cutak (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Junghunii (Macf.) Ridl. 1917 Natural Hybrid = sanguinea x singalana
K
Kalamity 1988 Bednar = Margaretea x Superba 'Hibberdii'
kampotiana Lecomte = anamensis Macfarlane
Katagirii 1930 Ikeda = Mixta Oiso x maxima
Katherine Moore (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
khasiana Hook.f. 1873 India SPECIES - CITES 1
Khasiata 1983 Bednar = khasiana x Ventrata
Kihachijo = Hybrida' x maxima
Kikuchiae (1967) Okuyama = Katagirii
Kinabaluensis Kurata 1976 Natural Hybrid = rajah x villosa
Kiso = Excelsior
klossii Ridl. 1916 New Guinea SPECIES
Koisoensis (1939) Ikeda = Mixta Oiso
Koiwado = Gojimae
Kokkome = Ventrata
Kondopectinata Winn? = ? x ?
Kosobe (1979) Bednar = Wrigleyana
Krausii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
Kuchingensis Lecoufle 1989 Natural Hybrid = ampullaria x mirabilis
L
Ladenburgii (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Lawrenciana (1880) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Lecouflei (1978) Lecoufle = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
LeeAnn Marie 1982 Bednar = ventricosa x Ventrata
Leesii 1983 Bednar = mirabilis x Mixta
Lesliei 1992 Dodd = ampullaria x veitchii
Leutenant R.B. Pring (1950) Pring = Chelsonii x Dominii
Loddigesii W. Baxt. = Hookeriana (Lindl)Macf.
Lonewoodii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Longicaudata (1922) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
lowii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo SPECIES
Lowilosa Hort. ex Dodd (1981) = Trusmadiensis
Lyrata 1877 Court = Hybrida x rafflesiana
M
macfarlanei Hemsl. 1905 Malaysia SPECIES
macrovulgaris T. & Mid. 1987 Borneo SPECIES
madagascariensis Poir. 1797 Madagascar SPECIES
Madisonii 1986 Bednar = Mixta x ventricosa
mapuluensis Adam & Wilcock 1990 Borneo SPECIES ??
Margaretea 1983 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x ventricosa
Maria-Louisa (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
Mary Cruz 1987 Bednar = Margaretea x Sullivanii
Masahiroi 1986 Kondo = albomarginata x thorelii
Masamiae (1970) Toyoshima = Rokko
masoalensis Schmid-Hollinger 1977 Madagascar SPECIES
Mastersiana 1897 Court = sanguinea x khasiana
'Purpurea' Court = Mastersiana
Mathesonii 1989 Bednar = Splendiana x Accentual Koto
maxima Reinw./Nees 1824 B, C, Mo, NG SPECIES
Mayi 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Mercieri (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
merrilliana Macf. 1911 Philippines SPECIES
Merrilliata Bednar 1979 Natural Hybrid = merrilliana x alata
Michael Lee 1986 Bednar = Ventrata x Superba 'Hibberdii'
Mihara = mirabilis 'Hachijo' x alata
Minamiensis 1964 Naito = Mixta Oiso x Wrigleyana
'Triumph' Naito = Minamiensis
Mino'o' 1930 Mino'o-en = ventricosa x Mastersiana
Mirabilata Bednar 1979 Natural Hybrid = mirabilis x alata
mirabilis (Lour.) Druce 1916 All of SE Asia SPECIES
'Gold Star' = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
'Greenhorn' (1989) = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce
Mixta 1893 Tivey = northiana x maxima
'Sanderiana' (1894) Tivey = Mixta
'Sanguinea' (1894) Tivey = Mixta
'Superba' (1894) Tivey = Mixta
Mixta Oiso = Mixta x maxima
Mizuho (1965) Kondo = Fukakusana
mollis Danser 1928 Borneo SPECIES
Morganiana 1881 Taplin = Wrigleyana
Morganiae 1883 Taplin = Wrigleyana
muluensis Hotta 1966 Borneo SPECIES
murudensis Culham 1994 Borneo SPECIES
N
Nago = Mixta Oiso x Dreamy Koto
Nagoya 1967 Kondo = Mixta x thorelii
Nakaccho = Hybrida' x khasiana
Nakanogo (1980) = Hookerae
Nambara = bellii x Merriliata
Nasu (1979) = Emotional Koto
Nel Horner (1950) Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
neoguineensis Macf. 1911 New Guinea SPECIES
Nephelophylla (1991) Song = Dominii
Neufvilleana (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Nina Dodd (1987) Dodd = Florida
Nishijimae 1910 Nishijima = Mixta x Hookeriana
Niwa = Fushimiensis
Nobilis (1910) Veitch = Dr. John McFarlane
Noboriryu = Rokko x khasiana
northiana Hook.f. 1881 Borneo SPECIES
Northisii (1892) Veitch = Mixta
O
Oisoensis (1935) Ikeda = Mixta Oiso
Okuyama = Mixta Oiso x mirabilis
Oriental Rouge = Wrigleyana
Osborniana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Outramiana (1879) Taplin = Superba
P
paniculata Danser 1928 New Guinea SPECIES
papuana Danser 1928 New Guinea SPECIES
Paradisae (1888) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Patersonii (1901) Saul = Wrigleyana
Paulii (1922) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
pectinata Danser = gymnamphora Reinw. ex Nees; singalana Becc.
pervillei Bl. 1852 Seychelles SPECIES
Petersii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
petiolata Danser 1928 Philippines SPECIES
philippinensis Macf. 1908 Philippines SPECIES
phyllamphora Willd = mirabilis (Lour.) Druce ?
Picturata (1903) Tivey = Dyeriana
pilosa Danser = burbidgeae Hook.f. ex Burbidge
Pitcheri 1901 Pitch. & Man. = Wrigleyana x Superba
Princeps 1966 Kondo = Mixta x Dyeriana
Prosperity 1978 Kubo = anamensis (kampotiana) x Dyeriana
R
rafflesiana Jack 1835 M, S, B SPECIES
Rafflesiana Pallida 1877 Court = Dominii x rafflesiana
rajah Hook.f. 1859 Borneo SPECIES - CITES 1
Ratcliffiana (1882) Court = Wrigleyana
Ratzii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
Redlanderii 1986 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x Mixta
reinwardtiana Miq. 1852 M, S, B, Mo SPECIES
Remillensis (1908) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Remilly (1905) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Remillyensis (1909) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
Reuthei 1931 Bonstedt = Mixta x Mastersiana
rhombicaulis Kurata 1973 Sumatra SPECIES
Robusta (1880) Taplin = Wrigleyana
Roeblingii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Roedigeri (1918) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
Rokko (1977) Yamakawa = thorelii x maxima
Ron Determann (1988) Dodd = Daytona
Rubro-maculata 1877 Court = Hybrida x veitchii
rubro-maculata Kurata = glabrata Tunb. & Middl.
Rufescens * 1888 Court = Courtii x hirsuta*
* err.
distillatoria
S
S.G.S. = maxima Reinw. Nees
Saint Louis 1950 Pring = Leutenant R.B. Pring
Sakura = Igneous Koto
Sakuradae (1935) Sakurada = Mixta Oiso
Sanglant (1909) Jarry-Desloges = Mixta
sanguinea Lindl. 1849 Malaysia SPECIES
Sarawakiensis Adm&Wil 1992 Natural Hybrid = tentaculata x muluensis
Savageana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Sedenii* 1872 Seden = Hybrida
* err. khasiana
x gracilis
Seemannii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Shamenbana = Delectable Koto
Shelburnei 1889 Siebrecht = ? x ?
Sheridaniana 1992 Bednar = Splendiana x ventricosa
Shinjuku 1930 Okami = Fukubae
'Grandifolia' 1930 Okami = Fukubae
Shioji (1966) Kondo = Princeps
Shunkyuensis (1925) Suzuki = Nishijimae
Siebertii (1931) C. Bonstedt = Deslogesii
Siebrechtiana 1901 Siebrecht = Hybrida x mirabilis
Simonii (1903) Gautier = Gautieri
singalana Becc. 1986 Sumatra SPECIES
Sir W.T. Dyer (1900) Tivey = Dyeriana
soma nom. dub. aff. maxima 1989 SPECIES ??
spathulata Danser 1935 Sumatra SPECIES
spectabilis Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES ?? albomarginata hyb ?
Splendiana 1984 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x maxima
Splendida (1908) Pitcher & Manda = Wrigleyana
Staemmlieri (1931) C. Bonstedt = Mixta Oiso
stenophylla Mast. 1890 Borneo SPECIES
Stewartii (1879) Court = Wrigleyana
Sullivanii 1983 Bednar = anamensis (kampotiana) x khasiana
sumatrana (Miq.) G.Beck = treubiana Warburg
Superba 1880 Taplin = Hybrida x Hookeriana
'Mixta' = Mixta
Superi = Mixta Oiso x hirsuta
Suzue Kondo (1986) M. Kondo = Nagoya
'Variegata' (1979) M. Kondo = Nagoya
T
Taipei = ? x alata?
Takayuki Sakai 1948 Kondo & Sakai = reinwardtiana x thorelii
talagensis Nerz & Wistuba 1995 Sumatra SPECIES
Tametomo = Rokko x Dyeriana
Taplinii 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Ted Payne (1992) = Mixta Oiso
tentaculata Hook.f. 1873 Borneo, Celebes SPECIES
Thofu (1993) = Fulgent Koto
thorelii Lecomte 1909 Indochina SPECIES
Thorpeiana 1908 Macfarlane = ? x ?
Tildeniana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Tiveyi 1897 Tivey = maxima x veitchii
tobaica Danser 1928 Sumatra SPECIES
Tokuyoshi Kondo 1986 Kondo & Sakai = Lt. R.B. Pring x rafflesiana
tomoriana Danser 1928 Celebes SPECIES
Toyoshima 1970 Toyoshima = truncata x thorelii
Toyotamaensis 1910 Nishijima = Mixta x rafflesiana
'Inversa' 1910 Nishijima = Toyotamaensis
treubiana Warb. 1891 Sumatra, N.G. SPECIES
Trichocarpa Miq. 1855 Natural Hybrid = ampullaria x gracilis
Truncalata Bednar 1993 Natural Hybrid = truncata x alata
truncata Macf. 1911 Philippines SPECIES
Trusmadiensis Marabini 1983 Natural Hybrid = villosa x lowii
Tsangoya Bednar 1993 Natural Hybrid = Merrilliata x mirabilis
Tsujimoto 1951 Takarazuka = Mastersiana x Wrigleyana
V
Vallierae (1905) Jarry-Desloges = Deslogesii
Vandiana 1990 Bednar = Splendiana x Sullivanii
veitchii Hook.f. 1859 Borneo SPECIES
Ventrata Fleming 1979 Natural Hybrid = ventricosa x alata
ventricosa Blanco 1837 Philippines SPECIES
Ventrinermis 1993 Westphal. = inermis x ventricosa
vieillardii Hook.f. 1873 N. G., N. C. SPECIES
Ville de Rouen 1983 Lecoufle = Tiveyi* x Mastersiana
* err.
Superba
villosa Hook.f. 1852 Borneo SPECIES
W
Wadleyana 1901 Miller = ? x ?
Washingtoniana 1891 Lindsay = ? x ?
Weignerii 1984 Bedn/Weig. = Rokko x Dominii
Whitneyi Dodd = bellii x ventricosa
Williamsii (1880) Taplin = Superba
Wilsonii 1987 Bednar = rafflesiana x Margaretea
Wittei 1897 Witte = Curtisii* x stenophylla
* err.
maxima
Wrigleyana (1882) Court = mirabilis x Hookeriana
'Viridescens' = Wrigleyana
Y & Z
Yarosis 1989 Bednar = Truncalata x Margaretea
Yatomi 1967? Kondo & Sakai = Dreamy Koto
Yoyogi 1989 = ventricosa x deaniana
Yubama = alata x thorelii
Zonal Koto (1983) = Ventrata, N. burkei used in this cross
Nepenthes Species
To be able to recognize hybrid characteristics, it is necessary to understand the species that comprise the genus Nepenthes. There are currently more than 80 recognized species, some of which may be variations or naturally occurring hybrids of the others, but in the mean time they will be listed here. The relationships to each other with respect to taxonomy as well as habitat and geography are presented on the following pages.
The authors name immediately follows the species epithet, followed by the date of initial description. Their geographical location and habitat is also presented in abbreviated form. A more complete description of each species as well as their dominent characteristics follows the section on Taxonomy.
1 N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (1986) S A
2 N. alata Blanco (1837) PSMB R-A
3 N. albomarginata L. & Lind (1849) MSB R
4 N. ampullaria Jack (1835) MSBN R
5 N. anamensis Macfarlane (1908) I M-A
6 N. bellii Kondo (1969) P M
7 N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (1873) B M
8 N. bongso Korth. (1839) S M-A
9 N. boschiana Korth. (1839) B M-A
10 N. burbidgeae Hk.f. ex Burb. (1882) B B-A
11 N. campanulata Kurata (1973) B MLA
12 N. carunculata Danser (1928) S A
13 N. clipeata Danser (1928) B MLA
14 N. deaniana Macfarlane (1908) P M-A
15 N. densiflora Danser (1940) C A
16 N. distillatoria Linne (1753) Ceyl. R-M
17 N. ephippiata Danser (1928) B A
18 N. fallax G.Beck (1895) B ????
19 N. fusca Danser (1928) B M-A
20 N. glabrata Turnb. & Middle. (1984) C A
21 N. gracilis Korthals (1839) MSBC R
22 N. gracillima Ridley (1908) M M-A
23 N. gymnamphora Nees. (1824) SB M-A
24 N. hamata Turnb. & Middle. (1984) C A
25 N. hirsuta Hook.f. (1873) B M-A
26 N. inermis Danser (1928) S M-A
27 N. insignis Danser (1928) N R
28 N. khasiana Hook.f. (1873) India M
29 N. klossii Ridley (1916) N M-A
30 N. lowii Hook.f. (1858) B A
31 N. macfarlanei Hemsley (1905) M M-A
32 N. macrovulgaris T. & Mid.(1987) B B
33 N. madagascariensis Poiret (1797) Mad. R-M
34 N. masoalensis Schm-Holl. (1977) Mad. M
35 N. maxima Reinw. x Nees (1824) BCMoN MA
36 N. merrilliana Macfarlane (1911) P M
37 N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (1916) SE As. R-M
38 N. mollis Danser (1928) B M-A
39 N. muluensis Hotta (1966) B M-A
40 N. murudensis Culham (1994) B M-A
41 N. neoguineensis Macf. (1928) N R
42 N. northiana Hook.f. (1881) B M-L
43 N. paniculata Danser (1928) N M-A
44 N. papuana Danser (1928) N R
45 N. pervillei Blume (1852) Sey. M
46 N. petiolata Danser (1928) P M
47 N. philippinense Macf. (1908) P M
48 N. rafflesiana Jack (1835) MSB R
49 N. rajah Hook.f. (1859) B B-A
50 N. reinwardtiana Miguel (1852) MSBMo M
51 N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1973) S A
52 N. sanguinea Lindl. (1849) M M-A
53 N. singalana Beccari (1886) S A
54 N. spathulata Danser (1935) S M-A
55 N. spectabilis Danser (1928) S A
56 N. stenophylla Masters (1890) B M-A
57 N. tentaculata Hook.f. (1873) BC M-A
58 N. thorelii Lecomte (1909) I M-S
59 N. tobaica Danser (1928) S M-A
60 N. tomoriana Danser (1928) C M
61 N. treubiana Warburg (1891) SN M-S
62 N. truncata Macfarlane (1911) P M
63 N. veitchii Hook.f. (1859) B M-A
64 N. ventricosa Blanco (1837) P M-A
65 N. vieillardii Hook.f. (1873) NNc M-A
66 N. villosa Hook.f. (1852) B B-A
Dubious or newly described species:
N. aristolochioides spec. nov. (1994) S M-A
N. borneensis Adam & Wilc. (1989) B A
N. burkei Masters (1889) P M-L
N. danseri Waigeo & Halma. (1995) S
N. diatas spec. nov. (1994) S M-A
N. x dubia Danser (1928) S M-A
N. edwardsiana Hook.f. (1859) B B-A
N. eymaeKurata (1984) BC M-A
N. faizaliana Adam & Wilc. (1991) B ????
N. x hookeriana (Lind)Macf (1848) MBS M
N. junghunii Ridl. (1917) S M-A
N. x kinabaluensis Kurata (1976) B B-A
N. leptochila Danser (1928) B R-A
N. longifolia Nerz & Wist. (1995) S A
N. macrophylla Marabini (1994) B B-A
N. mapuluensis A. & Wilc. (1990) B A
N. neglecta Macf. EXTINCT (1908) B M
N. ovata Nerz & Wistuba (1995) S M-A
N. pilosa Danser (1928) B M-A
N. talagensis Nertz & Wist. (1995) S A
N. tenuis Nerz & Wistuba (1995) S A
N. x trichocarpa Miq. (1855) BMS R
LOCATION: B = Borneo, C = Celebes, I = Indonesia, M = Malaysia, Mo = Moluccas, N = New Guinea, Nc = New Caledonia, P = Philippines, S = Sumatra.
HABITAT: A = high Altitude, B = ultra-Basic soil, L = Limestone hills, M = Moss forest, R = Rain forest, S = Sand fields.
Taxonomy; (revised from Danser 1928 and Harms 1936)
Subgenus: ANEUROSPERMA Hook.f. (1873)
45. N. pervillei Blume (1852) Seychel M
Subgenus: MESONEPENTHES Harms (1936)
33. N. madagascariensis Poiret (1797) Mad. R-M
34. N. masoalensis Schm.-Holl. (1977) Mad M
43. N. paniculata Danser (1928) N M-A
Subgenus EUNEPENTHES, Hook.f. (1873)
Section Distillatoriae Harms (1936)
16. N. distillatoria Linne (1753) Ceylon R-M
41. N. neoguineensis Macf. (1928) N R
60. N. tomoriana Danser (1928) C M
Section Urceolatae Danser (1928)
4. N. ampullaria Jack (1835) MSBN R
6. N. bellii Kondo (1969) P M
7. N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (1873) B M
Section Vulgatae Danser (1928)
44. N. papuana Danser (1928) N R
28. N. khasiana Hook.f. (1873) India M
21. N. gracilis Korthals (1839) MSBC R
57. N. tentaculata Hook.f. (1873) BC M-A
50. N. reinwardtiana Miguel (1852) MSBMo M
40. N. murudensis Culham (1994) B M-A
59. N. tobaica Danser (1928) S M-A
65. N. vieillardii Hook.f. (1873) NNc M-A
58. N. thorelii Lecomte (1909) I M-S
2. N. alata Blanco (1837) PSMB R-A
47. N. philippinense Macf. (1908) PM
37. N. mirabilis (Lour)Druce (1916) SE Asia R-M
3. N. albomarginata Lobb&Li. (1849) MSBR
5. N. anamensis Macfarlane (1908) I M-A
Section Montanae Danser (1928)
23. N. gymnamphora Nees. (1824) SB M-A
8. N. bongso Korth. (1839) S M-A
52. N. singalana Beccari (1886) S A
54. N. spathulata Danser (1935) S M-A
51. N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1973) S A
24. N. hamata Turnb. & Middl. (1984) C A
15. N. densiflora Danser (1940) C A
22. N. gracillima Ridley (1908) M M-A
52. N. sanguinea Lindl. (1849) M M-A
32. N. macfarlanei Hemsley (1905) M M-A
26. N. inermis Danser (1928) S M-A
39. N. muluensis Hotta (1966) B M-A
Section Nobiles Danser (1928)
55. N. spectabilis Danser (1928) S A
25. N. hirsuta Hook.f. (1873) B M-A
32. N. macrovulgaris T. & Mid. (1987) B B
14. N. deaniana Macfarlane (1908) P M-A
Section Regiae, Danser (1928)
35. N. maxima Reinw. ex Nees (1824) BCMoN M-A
63. N. veitchii Hook.f. (1859) B M-A
18. N. fallax G.Beck (1895) B ????
19. N. fusca Danser (1928) B M-A
56. N. stenophylla Masters (1890) B M-A
12. N. carunculata Danser (1928) S A
29. N. klossii Ridley (1916) N M-A
10. N. burbidgeae Hk.f. ex Burb. (1882) B B-A
17. N. ephippiata Danser (1928) B A
38. N. mollis Danser (1928) B M-A
13. N. clipeata Danser (1928) B MLA
62. N. truncata Macfarlane (1911) P M
49. N. rajah Hook.f. (1859) B B-A
9. N. boschiana Korth. (1839) B M-A
30. N. lowii Hook.f. (1858) B A
Section Insignes, Danser (1928)
36. N. merrilliana Macfarlane (1911) P M
46. N. petiolata Danser (1928) P M
27. N. insignis Danser (1928) N R
64. N. ventricosa Blanco (1837) P M-A
42. N. northiana Hook.f. (1881) B M-L
61. N. treubiana Warburg (1891) SN M-S
66. N. villosa Hook.f. (1852) B B-A
48. N. rafflesiana Jack (1835) MSB R
Section Unknown:
1. N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (1986) S A
20. N. glabrata Turnb. & Middl. (1984) C A
11. N. campanulata Kurata (1973) B MLA
In 1936, Harms revised the taxonomical work of Danser (1928), dividing Nepenthes into three sub-genera:
Aneurosperma Hooker.f. (1873), (lacking nerves on the seeds)
Mesonepenthes Harms (1936), (the "middle" Nepenthes)
Eunepenthes Hooker.f. (1873), (the "proper" Nepenthes).
The Nepenthes species found in the sub-genera Aneurosperma and Mesonepenthes differ from those species of section Vulgatae, where Danser had placed them.
Sub-genus 1 Aneurosperma is a single species sub-genus,
61 N. pervillei Blume (1852) (named for Perville) being the only member.
The leaves are sessile; the inflorescence is a panicle; the appendages to the seed are very short, this being the primary characteristic for the designation of sub-genus.
Sub-genus 2 Mesonepenthes contains the species:
46 N. madagascariensis Poiret (1797) (coming from Madagascar)
48 N. masoalensis Schmidt-Hollinger (1977) (coming from Masoala Peninsula)
59 N. paniculata Danser (1928) (having a panicle).
The stems are generally not coarse; the leaves are petiolate, lanceolate, not large nor broad; the phylotaxis is almost always 2/5; there is no hirsute indumentum; pitchers are not large and are rarely infundibulate; the peristome is narrow; there are usually no appendages on the bottom surface of the lid; the inflorescence is a panicle.
Sub-genus 3 Eunepenthes is composed of seven sections:
Distillatoriae Harms (1936), (N. distillatoria and related species).
Urceolatae Danser (1928), (the urn-shaped pitchers).
Vulgatae Danser (1928), (the common pitchers).
Montanae Danser (1928), (the mountainous pitchers).
Nobiles Danser (1928), (the notable pitchers).
Regiae Danser (1928), (the queenly pitchers).
Insignes Danser (1928), (N. insignes and related species).
Section 1 Distillatoriae contains the species:
sessile leaves
21 N. distillatoria Linné (1753) (containing a distillate)
56 N. neoguineensis Macfarlane (1928) (coming from New Guinea)
79 N. tomoriana Danser (1928) (coming from the Gulf of Tomori)
The stems are generally not coarse; the leaves are mostly petiolate (N. tomoriana only slightly), lanceolate, not large nor broad; the phylotaxis is almost always 2/5; there is no hirsute indumentum; pitchers are not large and are rarely infundibulate; the peristome is narrow; there are usually no appendages on the bottom surface of the lid; the inflorescence is a panicle.
Section 2 Urceolatae contains the species:
4 N. ampullaria Jack (1835) (having an ampoule-shaped pitcher)
7 N. bellii Kondo (1969) (named for Belli?)
8 N. bicalcarata Hook.f. (1873) (having two spurs)
The rosette pitchers are urceolate, the upper pitchers, when present are more infundibulate; the peristome is delicately ribbed; the inflorescence is a panicle.
Section 3 Vulgatae contains the species:
sessile leaves:
60 N. papuana Danser (1928) (coming from Papua New Guinea, err.)
37 N. khasiana Hook.f. (1873) (coming from the Khasi Hills)
28 N. gracilis Korthals (1839) (gracefully slender)
75 N. tentaculata Hook.f. (1873) (having tentacles)
67 N. reinwardtiana Miguel (1852) (named for K.G.K. Reinwardt)
78 N. tobaica Danser (1928) (coming from Lake Toba)
54 N. murudensis Culham (1994) (coming from Muruda?)
85 N. vieillardii Hook.f. (1873) (named for Vieillard)
77 N. thorelii Lecomte (1909) (named for Thorel)
3 N. albomarginata Lobb & Lindley (1849) (having a white margin)
63 N. philippinense Macfarlane (1908) (coming from the Philippines)
5 N. anamensis Macfarlane (1908)
petiolate leaves:
2 N. alata Blanco (1837) (having wings)
51 N. mirabilis (Lour) Druce (1916) (miraculous)
The stems are generally not coarse; the leaves primarily sessile and often decurrent or petiolate (as in N. alata and N. mirabilis), mostly lanceolate, not large nor broad; the phylotaxis is almost always 2/5, sometimes 1/2 on the elongated stems (N. alata, N. philippinense, N. mirabilis, N. albomarginata, N. anamensis); pitchers are not large and are rarely infundibulate; the peristome is narrow; there are usually no appendages on the bottom surface of the lid (N. alata being the exception); there is usually no hirsute indumentum (except for N. albomarginata); the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 4 Montanae contains the species:
30 N. gymnamphora Nees. (1824) (having a naked, hairless pitcher)
9 N. bongso Korthals (1839) (named for Bongso?)
70 N. singalana Beccari (1886) (from Mt. Singalang)
71 N. spathulata Danser (1928) (having a spathulate leaf)
19 N. densiflora Danser (1928) (having a dense inflorescence)
29 N. gracillima Ridley (1908) (very gracefully slender)
69 N. sanguinea Lindley (1849) (having a red color)
43 N. macfarlanei Hemsley (1905) (named for macfarlane)
34 N. inermis Danser (1928) (*****)
53 N. muluensis Hotta (1966) (coming from Mt. Mulu)
68 N. rhombicaulis Kurata (1973) (having an obliquely angled stem)
31 N. hamata Turnbull & Middleton (1984) (having a hook-shaped process)
This section is similar to the Vulgatae, but the plants are usually more robust; the leaves are always sessile; the phylotaxis is always 2/5; the pitchers are often larger, the upper ones often infundibulate; the peristome is generally broader (except in N. inermis ), the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 5 Nobiles contains the species:
72 N. spectabilis Danser (1928) (spectacular)
32 N. hirsuta Hook.f. (1873) (hairy)
45 N. macrovulgaris Turnbull & Middleton (1987) (large, but otherwise normal)
18 N. deaniana Macfarlane (1908) (named for Dean)
This group is intermediate between the Montanae and the Regiae and Insignes sections. The lid never has appendages; the peristome is not large; there is a coarse ferrugineous indumentum; the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 6 Regiae contains the species:
49 N. maxima Reinwardt ex Nees (1824) (the largest, err.)
83 N. veitchii Hook.f. (1859) (named for H.J. Veitch)
18 N. fallax G.Beck (1895) (*****)
26 N. fusca Danser (1928) (dusky color)
73 N. stenophylla Masters (1890) (slender leaved)
15 N. carunculata Danser (1928) (having a protuberence)
39 N. klossii Ridley (1916) (named for Kloss)
12 N. burbidgeae Hook.f. ex Burbidge (1928) (named for Mrs. F.W. Burbidge)
24 N. ephippiata Danser (1928) (having a thick shell)
52 N. mollis Danser (1928) (soft)
16 N. clipeata Danser (1928) (*****)
82 N. truncata Macfarlane (1911) (having a truncate leaf)
66 N. rajah Hook.f. (1859) (named for the Rajah of Sarawak)
11 N. boschiana Korthals (1839) (named for Bosch)
42 N. lowii Hook.f. (1858) (named for Sir Hugh Low).
This section has the most elaborate of the species. They are usually large coarse plants; the leaves are petiolate; there is a coarse ferrugineous indumentum; the phylotaxis is often 1/2 in the climbing stems; the upper pitchers are infundibulate; the lid bears an appendage on the lower surface near the apex; the peristome is mostly flattened or expanded (N. lowii being the exception, having almost none); the inflorescence is a raceme.
Section 7 Insignes contains the species:
sessile leaves
50 N. merrilliana Macfarlane (1911) (named for Merrill)
35 N. insignis Danser (1928) (distinguished by a mark)
84 N. ventricosa Blanco (1837) (having a ventricose pitcher)
petiolate leaves:
62 N. petiolata Danser (1928) (having petiolate leaves)
57 N. northiana Hook.f. (1881) (named for North)
80 N. treubiana Warburg (1891) (named for Treub)
86 N. villosa Hook.f. (1852) (shaggy)
65 N. rafflesiana Jack (1835) (named for Sir Stanford Raffles)
These plants also have large, beautiful pitchers, but not so spectacular as those of Regiae. The plants are large, with sessile or petiolate leaves; the large pitchers have flattened or expanded peristomes; the upper pitchers are more campanulate-infundibulate; there are no appendages on the lower surface of the lid; the indumentum is more scarce; the inflorescence is a raceme.
UNKNOWN:
1 N. adnata Tamin & Hotta (1986) (having an expanded peristome)
27 N. glabrata Turnbull & Middleton (1984) (glabrous)
14 N. campanulata Kurata (1973) (having bell shaped pitchers).
At this time, having no description of the preceding 3 species, I cannot place them within the sections.
Artificial Key; (Partial)
This key has been taken from the monograph by Danser (1928) it has been revised to exclude some of the species which are no longer recognized. Alas, it does not include those species from India, Indochina, nor Madagascar, nor any described species more recent than 1928! Perhaps in the future another key will be created to include all of these as well.
1 Leaves and stems very coarse, the leaves decurrent into 2 thick ribs, meeting 1 1/2 internodes below the leaf base, forming saddles on which are inserted the petioles. Borneo. 17. N. ephippiata
Leaves not inserted on saddles. 2
2 Whole plant yellowish-brown. hairy in all parts with exception of the perigone inside and the anthers; most parts with a short, dense, spreading indumentum. Leaves lanceolate, sessile with a broad base and decurrent into 2 gradually attenuate wings, with 0-2 longitudinal nerves on each side. Borneo.
38. N. mollis
Not this combination of characters. 3
3 Lid of the pitcher more than 3 times as long as broad. 4
Lid of the pitcher less than 3 times as long as broad. 7
4 Lid broadest in or above the middle. No appendages on the lid below. 5
Lid broadest near the base. An appendage on the lower surface near the base and usually one near the apex. 14
5 Pitchers only or almost only in distinct rosettes, rarely also at the lower leaves of climbing stems, urceolate; peristome broad, flattened inside, very delicately ribbed. Flowers in panicles, the lower branches of which bear 3 or more flowers. Sumatra to New Guinea 4. N. ampullaria
Pitchers also at the leaves of the elongated stems, not urceolate. Flowers in racemes, the lower pedicels of which bear 1 or 2 flowers. Peristome none or almost none. Sumatra 26. N. inermis
6 Peristome with 2 curved thorns below the lid. Lid reniform,
less long than broad. Borneo.
7. N. bicalcarata
Peristome not with thorns under the lid. Lid not reniform. 7
7 Lid on the lower surface with coarse hairs, obtusely keeled in the basal part of the midrib. Pitchers strongly contracted in the middle, subglobose in the lower part, infundibulate in the upper part. Peristome almost absent. Borneo. 30. N. lowii
Lid usually without coarse hairs on the lower surface; if with hairs, then the shape of the pitcher otherwise and the peristome distinct. 8
8 Ribs of the peristome very coarse. 5-10 mm apart, and several mm high. Borneo. 66. N. villosa
Ribs of the peristome much less coarse 9
9 Midrib of the lid beneath with an appendage near the base or near the apex or both, or at least very distinctly keeled. 10
Midrib of the lid beneath without such appendage and at most indistinctly keeled or seemingly keeled by a fold. 20
10 Leaves suborbicular, the tendril inserted on the lamina far from the apex, without curl. Pitchers almost wingless; contracted between the strongly ventricose lower and the infundibulate upper part. Lid strongly vaulted. Borneo. 13. N. clipeata
Leaves and pitchers shaped otherwise. Lid not strongly vaulted. 11
11 Leaves oblong to lanceolate, the tendril inserted at some distance from the apex. Pitchers large, urceolate, their mouth occupying more than half the front side; lid very large, about 2/3 as long as the pitcher. Borneo. 49. N. rajah
Tendril inserted at, or close to, the leaf apex. Lid not so extraordinarily large. 12
12 Leaves sessile. On the lower surface of the lid near the apex an irregular excrescence. 40
Leaves petiolate. On the lower surface of the lid sometimes an appendage, but not an irregular excrescence. 13
13 Only an appendage near the base of the lid. 14
Also an appendage near the apex of the lid. 19
14 Stems, petioles and leaves beneath with a hirsute, red-brown or ferrugineous indumentum at least when young. 16
Stems, petioles and leaves without a hirsute indumentum. 18
15 Lid broadly cordate or suborbicular. 16
Lid ovate-cordate or narrower. 17
16 Pitchers subcylindrical, usually slightly ventricose in the lower part, somewhat narrowed in the middle, slightly infundibulate towards the mouth, rarely narrowly infundibulate from the base to the top. Appendage near the base of the lid obtuse. Hirsute indumentum abundant but short (about 2 mm long). Borneo. 56. N. stenophylla
Stems triangular with decurrent leaves. Upper pitchers widely infundibulate. Appendage near the base of the lid acute. Hirsute indumentum abundant and long (more than 3 mm). Borneo. 10. N. burbidgeae
See also 41. N. klossii (New Guinea), very similar to N. stenophylla (as far as known) but seems to differ in many less important characteristics.
17 Stems climbing. Leaves not decurrent; lamina broadest near the middle. Lower pitchers slightly ventricose in the lower part, cylindrical towards the mouth, the upper ones infundibulate. Inflorescences seemingly lateral. Indumentum short and dense. Borneo. 19. N. fusca
Stems not climbing. Leaves broadest near the apex. Pitchers cylindrical-ellipsoidal or the upper ones somewhat campanulate-infundibulate. Inflorescences not seemingly lateral. 19
18 Leaves not decurrent. Upper pitchers rarely more than 16 cm high. Peristome cylindrical to flattened, rarely more than 5 mm broad. Lid rarely more than 4 1/2 cm long, suborbicular to ovate. 30
Leaves decurrent into 2 wings 2-3 mm broad. Upper pitchers 20-25 cm high. Peristome expanded 10-20 mm broad on the sides. Lid suborbicular. 5-7 cm long. Borneo. 9. N. boschiana
19 Stems not climbing(???) Leaves broadest near the apex, rounded or emarginate at the apex, gradually attenuate towards the base. Pitchers all cylindrical-ellipsoidal, or the upper ones campanulate-infundibulate. Appendage near the apex of the lid distinct or indistinct. Borneo. 63. N. veitchii
Stems usually climbing. Leaves usually broadest far from the
apex, not emarginate. Pitchers very different in shape, the lower ones
ventricose in the lower part, cylindrical for the rest, the upper ones tubulose
to infundibulate. Appendage near the apex of the lid always distinct. Borneo to
New Guinea.
35. N. maxima
20 Below the peristome a thick-swollen, whitish tomentose ribbon. Leaves lanceolate, sessile without sheath, not decurrent, with spreading hairs below. Upper pitchers usually tubulose. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula to Borneo. 3. N. albomarginata
Below the peristome a tomentose ribbon or not, but never a swollen whitish one. 22
22 Inflorescence a panicle, the lower branches 3- or more flowered. 23
Inflorescence a raceme, the lower branches 1- or 2-flowered. 25
23 Leaves distinctly petiolate. Upper pitchers infundibulate. New Guinea. 43. N. paniculata
Leaves petiolate, but often indistinctly, or sessile with attenuate base. Upper pitchers nearly cylindrical. 24
24 Upper pitchers winged. New Guinea. 41. N. neoguineensis
Upper pitchers not winged. Celebes. 60. N. tomoriana
25 Normal leaves petiolate. 26
Normal leaves sessile. 31
26 Upper pitchers either more than 20 cm high or infundibulate. 27
Upper pitchers neither more than 20 cm high nor infundibulate. 28
27 Lower pitchers ovate-conical, upper pitchers infundibulate, all of them with a peristome elongated into a long bicristate neck. Lid ovate, vaulted obtuse or emarginate at the apex. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula to Borneo. 48. N. rafflesiana
Not an elongated bicristate neck at the peristome. Lid
suborbicular. Sumatra, New Guinea.
61. N. treubiana
28 Leaves with 4-8 longitudinal nerves on each side, sometimes fimbriate-denticulate at the margin, always distinctly petiolate. Throughout South East Asia. 37. N. mirabilis
Leaves usually with 4 or less nerves on both sides; when more than 4 nerves, then the leaf not distinctly petiolate and never denticulate. 29
29 Stems and leaves below with hirsute, red-brown indumentum. 38
Stems and leaves below without hirsute, red-brown indumentum. 30
30 Leaves lanceolate, gradually attenuate into the petiole, with 5-6 strikingly parallel longitudinal nerves on each side, the margin with a dense border of short hairs. Lower pedicels 10-12 mm long. 41
Leaves very different in form, gradually or abruptly attenuate into the petiole, with about 3 longitudinal nerves on each side, the margin without a dense border of short hairs. Lower pedicels up to 15 mm long. Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Philippines. 2. N. alata
31 Lid with stiff or more delicate hairs below. Upper pitchers widely infundibulate. Leaves sessile with broad base, not decurrent. Malay Peninsula. 44. N. macfarlanei
Lid mostly not hairy below, when hairy, then upper pitchers not widely infundibulate. 32
32 Lid ovate or narrowly ovate, cuneate or rounded at the base, mostly with filiform appendages on the upper surface and a bundle of such appendages on each side of the spur. Borneo, Celebes.
57. N. tentaculata
Lid differently shaped, but not cuneate at the base and not with filiform appendages on the upper surface. 33
33 Leaves decurrent. 34
Leaves not or only slightly decurrent. 38
34 Pitchers large and wide, up to 20 cm high or higher, up to 10 cm wide or wider, the lid at least 6 cm long. 35
Pitchers small or medium-sized, the lower ones ovate to tubulose, the upper ones more tubulose, the lid at most 4 cm long. 36
35 Plant non- or low-climbing. Leaves with 6-7 longitudinal nerves on each side. Pitchers all of them ellipsoidal. Philippines, Celebes. 36. N. merrilliana
Plant climbing. Leaves with 4-6 longitudinal nerves on each side. Lower pitchers ovate cylindrical, upper ones campanulate-infundibulate. New Guinea. 27. N. insignis
36 Lower pitchers mostly, upper pitchers always without wings and fringe. Peristome often distinctly ribbed. Pitchers usually with 2 'eye-spots' visible inside. Leaves with about 3 longitudinal nerves on each side. Lower pedicels 12-25 mm long, 2-flowered. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula.
50. N. reinwardtiana
Lower pitchers always, the upper ones often with fimbriate wings. Peristome always distinctly ribbed. Pitchers with no 'eye-spots'. Leaves with 4-7 longitudinal nerves on each side. Lower pedicels 3-10 mm long. 37
37 Peristome cylindrical, 1/2-1 mm broad, the ribs 1/4-2/3 mm apart. Sumatra and Malay Peninsula to Celebes. 21. N. gracilis
Peristome flattened, 1-2 1/2 mm broad, the ribs 1/4-2/3 mm apart. New Guinea to New Caledonia and the Isle of Pines. 65. N. vieillardii
Peristome usually broader, the ribs 1/4-3 mm apart. Lower pedicels 2-flowered 45
38 No dense red-brown indumentum on the stems, the leaves and the inflorescences. 39
Young stems, lower surface of the leaves and inflorescences densely
covered with red-brown hairs. Inflorescence seemingly lateral. Pedicels
1-flowered. Herbarium specimens yellow brown. Borneo.
25. N.
hirsuta
39 Upper pitchers widely infundibulate, not more than 18 cm high. Lid broad-elliptical or suborbicular, slightly cordate, never with an appendage on the lower surface. Inflorescence small, seemingly lateral. Pedicels 1-flowered. Herbarium specimens mostly blackish. Sumatra 8. N. bongso
Upper pitchers not infundibulate, or at most tubulose-infundibulate. 40
40 Peristome cylindrical or slightly flattened, not broader than 2 mm. 41
Peristome flattened, often more than 2 mm broad. 42
41 Leaves with 0-1 longitudinal nerves on each side, linear lanceolate,
sessile with narrow base. Sumatra.
59. N. tobiaca
Leaves with 0-4 longitudinal nerves on each side, lanceolate-spathulate, sessile with broad base. Malay Peninsula. 22. N. gracillima
Leaves with 4-6 longitudinal nerves on each side, lanceolate, sessile with very narrow base. New Guinea. 44. N. papuana
Leaves with 3-6 longitudinal nerves on each side, lanceolate to spathulate or obovate, Inflorescence small seemingly lateral. 44
42 Upper pitchers