> How does a plant go from its obvious hybrid designation (e.g.  D.
> intermedia x filiformis) to D. x hybrida? 
Via a protologue (validating description). For details, please 
consult the ICBN (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, in 
the library of your local University).
> Not to belabor the D. intermedia x rotundifolia thread again, but I 
> think it should be called D. x robusta (FWIW) is that incredibly 
> arrogant of me?
Not arrogant but wrong (because superfluous). The hybrid was given a 
name, already (D. * beleziana).
> Or is it fated to be called D. intermedia x
> rotundifolia forever?
I think this (bastard formula) is better (explicit information). 
However, hybrid names and corresponding bastard formulae are equal in 
validity and applicability (but you don't need a protologue for a 
formula because it is validated and typified by the protologues of 
the parent species!).
Kind regards
Jan